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. 2016 Nov 1:168:230-238.
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.019. Epub 2016 Sep 29.

Correlates of nicotine dependence among adolescent waterpipe smokers

Raed Bahelah  1 , Joseph R DiFranza  2 , Kenneth D Ward  3 , Fouad M Fouad  4 , Thomas Eissenberg  5 , Ziyad Ben Taleb  6 , Rana Jaber  6 , Olatokunbo Osibogun  6 , Wasim Maziak  7
Affiliations

Correlates of nicotine dependence among adolescent waterpipe smokers

Raed Bahelah et al. Drug Alcohol Depend. .

Abstract

Introduction: Waterpipe smoking is addictive and its use is increasing globally among youth, yet little is known about the factors associated with nicotine dependence (ND) among waterpipe smokers. We investigated the factors associated with ND symptoms among a sample of Lebanese adolescents who smoke a waterpipe.

Methods: We collected data on factors potentially associated with ND (individual, socio-demographic, environmental, smoking patterns) among 160 current (past 30days) waterpipe smokers recruited from 8th and 9th school grades in Lebanon. We assessed the loss of autonomy over tobacco using the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC), ND using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), and the number of ND symptoms endorsed.

Results: Depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, and having at least one sibling who smokes a waterpipe were associated with the presence of ND symptoms, while enrollment in public schools, smoking a waterpipe ≥30min per session, and believing that cigarette smoking is harmful to health were associated with endorsement of a higher number of ND symptoms. Smoking a whole waterpipe head without sharing and being in 9th grade in this study were associated with the presence and endorsement of a higher number of ND symptoms.

Conclusions: We identified specific social and psychological characteristics, waterpipe smoking patterns, and beliefs about harmful effects of smoking associated with the presence of ND among adolescent waterpipe smokers. Considering these factors when planning policies to prevent ND among waterpipe smokers is warranted.

Keywords: Adolescents; Lebanon; Loss of autonomy; Nicotine dependence; Waterpipe.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A map of Lebanon showing the four regions where study participants were recruited from.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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