Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2016 Nov 2;11(11):e0165086.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165086. eCollection 2016.

A Minimal Intervention to Promote Smoke-Free Homes among 2-1-1 Callers: North Carolina Randomized Effectiveness Trial

Rebecca S Williams  1   2 , Jana H Stollings  1 , Łucja Bundy  3 , Regine Haardörfer  3 , Matthew W Kreuter  4 , Patricia Dolan Mullen  5 , Mel Hovell  6 , Marti Morris  7 , Michelle C Kegler  3
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

A Minimal Intervention to Promote Smoke-Free Homes among 2-1-1 Callers: North Carolina Randomized Effectiveness Trial

Rebecca S Williams et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

This study examined the extent to which delivery of the minimal Smoke-Free Homes intervention by trained 2-1-1 information and referral specialists had an effect on the adoption of home smoking bans in low-income households. A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 2-1-1 callers (n = 500) assigned to control or intervention conditions. 2-1-1 information and referral specialists collected baseline data and delivered the intervention consisting of 3 mailings and 1 coaching call; university-based data collectors conducted follow-up interviews at 3 and 6 months post-baseline. Data were collected from June 2013 through July 2014. Participants were mostly female (87.2%), African American (61.4%), and smokers (76.6%). Participants assigned to the intervention condition were more likely than controls to report a full ban on smoking in the home at both 3- (38.1% vs 19.3%, p = < .001) and 6-month follow-up (43.2% vs 33.2%, p = .02). The longitudinal intent-to-treat analysis showed a significant intervention effect over time (OR = 1.31, p = .001), i.e. OR = 1.72 at 6 months. This study replicates prior findings showing the effectiveness of the minimal intervention to promote smoke-free homes in low-income households, and extends those findings by demonstrating they can be achieved when 2-1-1 information and referral specialists deliver the intervention. Findings offer support for this intervention as a generalizable and scalable model for reducing secondhand smoke exposure in homes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Independent of her role in the study, RSW serves, unpaid, as member of the Board of Directors of United Way of North Carolina 2-1-1. MM was employed as the state 2-1-1 Director at the United Way of North Carolina at the time of this study and served as the liaison between United Way and university staff for matters of study logistics. These affiliations did not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flow diagram for randomized effectiveness trial: minimal intervention to promote smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 callers, North Carolina, 2013.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(35):1141–6. - PubMed
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services. A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means To You. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010.
    1. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pruss-Ustun A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139–46. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kegler MC, Bundy L, Haardorfer R, Escoffery C, Berg C, Yembra D, et al. A minimal intervention to promote smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 callers: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(3):530–7. 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302260 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types