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. 2016 Nov 4;5(11):e004389.
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004389.

"Small Blood Vessels: Big Health Problems?": Scientific Recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Workshop

Francesca Bosetti  1 , Zorina S Galis  2 , Margaret S Bynoe  3 , Marc Charette  2 , Marilyn J Cipolla  4 , Gregory J Del Zoppo  5 , Douglas Gould  6 , Thomas S Hatsukami  5 , Teresa L Z Jones  7 , James I Koenig  8 , Gerard A Lutty  9 , Christine Maric-Bilkan  2 , Troy Stevens  10 , H Eser Tolunay  2 , Walter Koroshetz  8 ; “Small Blood Vessels: Big Health Problems” Workshop Participants
Collaborators, Affiliations

"Small Blood Vessels: Big Health Problems?": Scientific Recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Workshop

Francesca Bosetti et al. J Am Heart Assoc. .
No abstract available

Keywords: endothelium; hypertension; imaging; ischemia; microcirculation; remodeling.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Differences in the functional small blood vessel architecture and normal perfusion of various mouse organs. Systemically injected fluorescent microspheres are tightly contained with the vascular structures with continuous endothelium, exemplified in skeletal muscle and brain by the smooth appearance of the small vessels. In contrast, microspheres cross through the fenestrated endothelium of kidney glomeruli and escape through the pores of the discontinuous endothelium of spleen sinusoids (Zorina Galis, unpublished data).
Figure 2
Figure 2
A, The neurovascular unit at the level of a pial arteriole (Courtesy of Dr Giuseppe Faraco, Weill Cornell Medical College). B, Perivascular microglial cells. This deconvolution fluorescence microscopy image illustrates the proximity of microglial cells to a cerebral capillary in the adult rat hindbrain. A 30‐μm frozen rat brain section was stained for Iba1 (red), a microglial marker, and MHC II (green), which is upregulated in activated microglia but also stains endothelial cells. Nuclei were stained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) (blue). Microglia are the resident macrophage of the CNS and serve a number of roles including defense against pathogens that cross the BBB. Note the difference between the “surveillance state” microglia (white arrow), which has a small amount of punctate green MHCII staining on the processes and the “activated” microglia (yellow arrow), which has increased punctate MHCII staining that defines the outline of the processes. The capillary, indicated by the green MHCII staining, winds between the 2 microglial cells. This image is a maximum intensity projection of a 10‐μm‐thick segment of the brain slice. BBB indicates blood–brain barrier; CNS, central nervous system; EC, endothelial cell; PVM, perivascular macrophage; SMC, smooth muscle cell.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A, Tight junctions at the human blood–nerve barrier (BNB). A digital electron micrograph of the BNB in the sural nerve from an untreated adult patient with Guillain‐Barré syndrome shows intact electron‐dense intercellular tight junctions (white arrows). Scale bar=0.5 μm. B, Human BNB alterations in disease. A digital electron micrograph of the BNB in the sural nerve from an adult patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy shows BM thickening/duplication between endoneurial EC and pericytes (P). Intact electron‐dense intercellular tight junctions (white arrows) are seen. Perivascular T‐lymphocytes (TL), a common feature in immune‐mediated polyneuropathies, are also observed. Scale bar=5 μm. BM indicates basement membrane; EC, endothelial cell; L, lumen; P, pericyte; RBC, red blood cell.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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