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Observational Study
. 2017 Apr;32(4):416-422.
doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3905-x. Epub 2016 Nov 4.

The Association Between Neighborhood Environment and Mortality: Results from a National Study of Veterans

Karin Nelson  1   2   3   4 , Greg Schwartz  5 , Susan Hernandez  6 , Joseph Simonetti  7   8 , Idamay Curtis  5 , Stephan D Fihn  9   8   6   5
Affiliations
Observational Study

The Association Between Neighborhood Environment and Mortality: Results from a National Study of Veterans

Karin Nelson et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Apr.

Abstract

Background: As the largest integrated US health system, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides unique national data to expand knowledge about the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and health. Although living in areas of lower NSES has been associated with higher mortality, previous studies have been limited to higher-income, less diverse populations than those who receive VHA care.

Objective: To describe the association between NSES and all-cause mortality in a national sample of veterans enrolled in VHA primary care.

Design: One-year observational cohort of veterans who were alive on December 31, 2011. Data on individual veterans (vital status, and clinical and demographic characteristics) were abstracted from the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse. Census tract information was obtained from the US Census Bureau American Community Survey. Logistic regression was used to model the association between NSES deciles and all-cause mortality during 2012, adjusting for individual-level income and demographics, and accounting for spatial autocorrelation.

Participants: Veterans who had vital status, demographic, and NSES data, and who were both assigned a primary care physician and alive on December 31, 2011 (n = 4,814,631).

Main measures: Census tracts were used as proxies for neighborhoods. A summary score based on census tract data characterized NSES. Veteran addresses were geocoded and linked to census tract NSES scores. Census tracts were divided into NSES deciles.

Key results: In adjusted analysis, veterans living in the lowest-decile NSES tract were 10 % (OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.07, 1.14) more likely to die than those living in the highest-decile NSES tract.

Conclusions: Lower neighborhood SES is associated with all-cause mortality among veterans after adjusting for individual-level socioeconomic characteristics. NSES should be considered in risk adjustment models for veteran mortality, and may need to be incorporated into strategies aimed at improving veteran health.

Keywords: clinical epidemiology; public health; risk adjustment; socioeconomic factors; veteran.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Odds of mortality by neighborhood SES index decile. Model 1, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, urban/rural (n = 4,813,729). Model 2, adjusting for individual SES (copayment status and household income) and age, gender, race/ethnicity, urban/rural (n = 3,728,655).
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