Inequality in the use of maternal and child health services in the Philippines: do pro-poor health policies result in more equitable use of services?

Abstract

Background: The Philippines failed to achieve its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) commitment to reduce maternal deaths by three quarters. This, together with the recently launched Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reinforces the need for the country to keep up in improving reach of maternal and child health (MCH) services. Inequitable use of health services is a risk factor for the differences in health outcomes across socio-economic groups. This study aims to explore the extent of inequities in the use of MCH services in the Philippines after pro-poor national health policy reforms.

Methods: This paper uses data from the 2008 and 2013 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in the Philippines. Socio-economic inequality in MCH services use was measured using the concentration index. The concentration index was also decomposed in order to examine the contribution of different factors to the inequalities in the use of MCH services.

Results: In absolute figures, women who delivered in facilities increased from 2008 to 2013. Little change was noted for women who received complete antenatal care and caesarean births. Facility deliveries remain pro-rich although a pro-poor shift was noted. Women who received complete antenatal care services also remain concentrated to the rich. Further, there is a highly pro-rich inequality in caesarean deliveries which did not change much from 2008 to 2013. Household income remains as the most important contributor to the resulting inequalities in health services use, followed by maternal education. For complete antenatal care use and deliveries in government facilities, regional differences also showed to have important contribution.

Conclusion: The findings suggest inequality in the use of MCH services had limited pro-poor improvements. Household income remains to be the major driver of inequities in MCH services use in the Philippines. This is despite the recent national government-led subsidy for the health insurance of the poor. The highly pro-rich caesarean deliveries may also warrant the need for future studies to determine the prevalence of medically unindicated caesarean births among high-income women.

Trial registration: Not applicable.

Keywords: Concentration index; Inequality; Maternal and child health; Philippines.

Fig. 1

Concentration Curve of the utilization of complete ANC services for births <1 year preceding the DHS

Fig. 2

Concentration Curve of the Caesarean Deliveries for births <1 year preceding the DHS

Fig. 3

a Concentration Curve of the utilization of appropriate facility for delivery for births <1 year preceding the DHS (Government and Private). b Concentration Curve of the utilization of appropriate facility for delivery for births <1 year preceding the DHS (Government). c Concentration Curve of the utilization of appropriate facility for delivery for births <1 year preceding the DHS (Private)

Fig. 4

Decomposition of Inequality in utilization of complete ANC services for births <1 year preceding the interview

Fig. 5

Decomposition of Inequality in utilization of appropriate facilities for delivery for births <1 year preceding the interview

Fig. 6

Decomposition of Inequality in utilization of complete ANC services for births <1 year preceding the DHS