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Comparative Study
. 2017 Mar;44(1):86-94.
doi: 10.1111/birt.12267. Epub 2016 Nov 14.

Midwives' Management during the Second Stage of Labor in Relation to Second-Degree Tears-An Experimental Study

Malin Edqvist  1 , Ingegerd Hildingsson  2   3 , Margareta Mollberg  1 , Ingela Lundgren  1 , Helena Lindgren  1   4
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Midwives' Management during the Second Stage of Labor in Relation to Second-Degree Tears-An Experimental Study

Malin Edqvist et al. Birth. 2017 Mar.

Abstract

Introduction: Most women who give birth for the first time experience some form of perineal trauma. Second-degree tears contribute to long-term consequences for women and are a risk factor for occult anal sphincter injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate a multifaceted midwifery intervention designed to reduce second-degree tears among primiparous women.

Methods: An experimental cohort study where a multifaceted intervention consisting of 1) spontaneous pushing, 2) all birth positions with flexibility in the sacro-iliac joints, and 3) a two-step head-to-body delivery was compared with standard care. Crude and Adjusted OR (95% CI) were calculated between the intervention and the standard care group, for the various explanatory variables.

Results: A total of 597 primiparous women participated in the study, 296 in the intervention group and 301 in the standard care group. The prevalence of second-degree tears was lower in the intervention group: [Adj. OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.33-0.84)]. A low prevalence of episiotomy was found in both groups (1.7 and 3.0%). The prevalence of epidural analgesia was 61.1 percent. Despite the high use of epidural analgesia, the midwives in the intervention group managed to use the intervention.

Conclusion: It is possible to reduce second-degree tears among primiparous women with the use of a multifaceted midwifery intervention without increasing the prevalence of episiotomy. Furthermore, the intervention is possible to employ in larger maternity wards with midwives caring for women with both low- and high-risk pregnancies.

Keywords: birth position; midwifery intervention; second-degree tears; spontaneous pushing; two-step delivery.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of the inclusion process in an intervention study to minimize second‐degree tears during labor, Stockhom, Sweden, 2013–2015.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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