Structural and functional characteristics of the thoracolumbar multifidus muscle in horses

Abstract

The multifidus muscle fascicles of horses attach to vertebral spinous processes after crossing between one to six metameres. The fascicles within one or two metameres are difficult to distinguish in horses. A vertebral motion segment is anatomically formed by two adjacent vertebrae and the interposed soft tissue structures, and excessive mobility of a vertebral motion segment frequently causes osteoarthropathies in sport horses. The importance of the equine multifidus muscle as a vertebral motion segment stabilizer has been demonstrated; however, there is scant documentation of the structure and function of this muscle. By studying six sport horses postmortem, the normalized muscle fibre lengths of the the multifidus muscle attached to the thoracic (T)4, T9, T12, T17 and lumbar (L)3 vertebral motion segments were determined and the relative areas occupied by fibre types I, IIA and IIX were measured in the same muscles after immunohistochemical typying. The values for the normalized muscle fibre lengths and the relative areas were analysed as completely randomized blocks using an anova (P ≤ 0.05). The vertebral motion segments of the T4 vertebra include multifidus bundles extending between two and eight metameres; the vertebral motion segments of the T9, T12, T17 and L3 vertebrae contain fascicles extending between two and four metameres The muscle fibres with high normalized lengths that insert into the T4 (three and eight metameres) vertebral motion segment tend to have smaller physiological cross-sectional areas, indicating their diminished capacity to generate isometric force. In contrast, the significantly decreased normalized muscle fibre lengths and the increased physiological cross-sectional areas of the fascicles of three metameres with insertions on T9, T17, T12, L3 and the fascicles of four metameres with insertions on L3 increase their capacities to generate isometric muscle force and neutralize excessive movements of the vertebral segments with great mobility. There were no significant differences in the values of relative areas occupied by fibre types I, IIA and IIX. In considering the relative areas occupied by the fibre types in the multifidus muscle fascicles attached to each vertebral motion segment examined, the relative area occupied by the type I fibres was found to be significantly higher in the T4 vertebral motion segment than in the other segments. It can be concluded that the equine multifidus muscle in horses is an immunohistochemically homogeneous muscle with various architectural designs that have functional significance according to the vertebral motion segments considered. The results obtained in this study can serve as a basis for future research aimed at understanding the posture and dynamics of the equine spine.

Keywords: horse; multifidus muscle; muscle fibre type; spine.

Figure 1

Typical structural design of an equine multifidus muscle, showing the aponeurotic sheets (A) and short pinnate muscle fibres (Fm).

Figure 2

Equine multifidus muscle after removal of the erector spinae muscle. The image includes 2M–8M multifidus bundles that insert on T4; X indicates the transverse process of the T12 vertebra. The uncovered areas on the T2‐T10 spinous processes demonstrate the insertion of the spinalis muscle. Markers located at the apex of the spinous processes indicate the corresponding vertebra.

Figure 3

Serial cross‐sections of the equine rotator muscle inserted at T17, which is stained using enzyme histochemistry for myofibrillar ATPase after preincubation at pH of 4.3 (A) and for nicotine amide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH‐TR) (D) and stained using immunohistochemistry with MAbs for slow (F‐8) (B) and A4.74 (C) MHC. The fibres labelled 1, 2, and 3 contain MHC I, MHC IIA and MHC IIX, respectively.