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Review
. 2017 Jan 2;95(1-2):301-310.
doi: 10.1002/jnr.23886.

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Vikram S Ratnu  1 , Michael R Emami  2 , Timothy W Bredy  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Vikram S Ratnu et al. J Neurosci Res. .

Abstract

There are inherent biological differences between males and females that contribute to sex differences in brain function and to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Traditionally, it has been thought that such differences are due largely to hormonal regulation; however, there are also genetic and epigenetic effects caused by the inheritance and unequal dosage of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes. Here we discuss the evidence in favor of a genetic and epigenetic basis for sexually dimorphic behavior, as a consequence of underlying differences in the regulation of genes that drive brain function. A better understanding of sex-specific molecular processes in the brain will provide further insight for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by sex differences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Keywords: epigenetics; regulation of gene expression; sexually dimorphic behavior.

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