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. 2008 Oct 1;8(10):6154-6164.
doi: 10.3390/s8106154.

Fabrication and Optimization of a Nanoporous Platinum Electrode and a Non-enzymatic Glucose Micro-sensor on Silicon

Yi-Jae Lee  1 , Dae-Joon Park  1 , Jae-Yeong Park  2 , Younghun Kim  3
Affiliations

Fabrication and Optimization of a Nanoporous Platinum Electrode and a Non-enzymatic Glucose Micro-sensor on Silicon

Yi-Jae Lee et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

In this paper, optimal conditions for fabrication of nanoporous platinum (Pt) were investigated in order to use it as a sensitive sensing electrode for silicon CMOS integrable non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor applications. Applied charges, voltages, and temperatures were varied during the electroplating of Pt into the formed nonionic surfactant C16EO8 nano-scaled molds in order to fabricate nanoporous Pt electrodes with large surface roughness factor (RF), uniformity, and reproducibility. The fabricated nanoporous Pt electrodes were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical cyclic voltammograms. Optimal electroplating conditions were determined to be an applied charge of 35 mC/mm2, a voltage of -0.12 V, and a temperature of 25 °C, respectively. The optimized nanoporous Pt electrode had an electrochemical RF of 375 and excellent reproducibility. The optimized nanoporous Pt electrode was applied to fabricate non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor with three electrode systems. The fabricated sensor had a size of 3 mm x 3 mm, air gap of 10 µm, working electrode (WE) area of 4.4 mm2, and sensitivity of 37.5 µA•L/mmol•cm2. In addition, it showed large detection range from 0.05 to 30 mmolL-1 and stable recovery responsive to the step changes in glucose concentration.

Keywords: Nanoporous platinum; glucose sensor; non-enzymatic; silicon CMOS integrable.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A conceptual drawing of the silicon CMOS integrable non-enzymatic micro-biosensor.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Fabrication procedures of non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor with nanoporous Pt WE (A) and nanoporous Pt electrode (B) on silicon substrate.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
AFM images of fabricated nanoporous Pt at charge at 35 mC/mm2 (a) and 65 mC/mm2 (b), respectively.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Cyclic voltammograms of nanoporous Pt electrodes electroplated between 25 and 65 mC/mm2 of applied charges at the conditions of a fixed voltage of -0.12 V and temperature of 25 °C in 1 mol L-1 sulfuric acid (a) and their electrochemical RFs (b).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Cyclic voltammograms of nanoporous Pt electroplated between -0.12 and -0.36 mV of applied voltages at the conditions of fixed charge of 35 mC/mm2 and temperature of 25 °C in 1 molL-1 sulfuric acid (a) and their electrochemical RFs (b).
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Cyclic voltammograms of nanoporous Pt electroplated between 25 and 45 °C of applied temperature at the conditions of fixed charge of 35 mC/mm2 and voltage of -0.12 V in 1 molL-1 sulfuric acid (a) and their electrochemical RFs (b).
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Effects of applied potential on the current response of fabricated non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor at 1 mmolL-1 glucose concentration (pH 7.4).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Current responses of non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensors with different air gaps between WE and CE in 5 mmolL-1 glucose concentrations (Air gap from 10 to 300 μm).
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Amperometric current response of optimized non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor to the consecutive addition of 5 mmolL-1 glucose and 0.1 mmolL-1 interfering species (AA and AP) in 0.1 molL-1 PBS (pH 7.4).
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Current–time recordings for recovery characteristic of optimized non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor in step change of glucose concentration.
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