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Review
. 2017 Feb;50(1):29-47.
doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.08.004.

Bacterial Pathogens and the Microbiome

Thad W Vickery  1 , Vijay R Ramakrishnan  2
Affiliations
Review

Bacterial Pathogens and the Microbiome

Thad W Vickery et al. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017 Feb.

Abstract

Bacterial pathogens and microbiome alterations can contribute to the initiation and propagation of mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this article, the authors review the clinical and research implications of key pathogens, discuss the role of the microbiome, and connect bacteria to mechanisms of mucosal immunity relevant in CRS.

Keywords: Bacteria; Chronic rhinosinusitis; Culture-independent microbiology; Microbiome; Sinusitis.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Potential factors influencing the sinus microbiome. Data from Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, et al. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007;449(7164):804–10.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Significant perturbations of the healthy microbiome state can result in a degraded state that is susceptible to disease. Once degraded and/or diseased, a goal may be to restore the rich and diverse healthy state. Data from Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, et al. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 2012;489(7415):220–30.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antibiotic use, coupled with subject-specific resilience, may potentially result in a degraded microbiome.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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