Persistent generalized periodic discharges: A specific marker of fatal outcome in cerebral hypoxia

Abstract

Objectives: Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the methods used in predicting the outcome after cerebral hypoxia. In this study we aim to evaluate the significance of generalized periodic discharges (GPD) as a prognostic marker.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical histories of patients, who underwent an EEG after cardiac arrest during the time period from 2005 to 2013 at the University Hospital Zurich. All EEGs were re-interpreted using the 2012 American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) classification for intensive care unit (ICU) EEGs.

Results: Out of 131 patients, in which an EEG was recorded after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 119 were included in our study. The average interval between cardiac arrest and EEG-recording was 3.8±3.0days (range: 0-14days). Persistent GPDs (i.e. GPDs more than 24h after the event) were found in thirty-two (26.9%) of the patients initial EEGs. The appearance of persistent GPDs preceded fatal outcome in 100% of all cases (vs. 69.0% in the non-GPD-group, p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Among other encephalopathic markers in EEG persistent GPDs are a highly specific prognostic marker of fatal outcome in patients with hypoxic encephalopathy.

Significance: Using standardized EEG interpretation, this study identified persistent GPDs as a specific prognostic marker in post cardiac arrest syndrome.

Keywords: GPD; Hypoxic encephalopathy; Intensive care EEG; Post cardiac arrest syndrome.