Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation

Abstract

Purpose There is growing evidence that inflammation is a central and reversible mechanism through which obesity promotes cancer risk and progression. Methods We review recent findings regarding obesity-associated alterations in the microenvironment and the local and systemic mechanisms through which these changes support tumor growth. Results Locally, hyperadiposity is associated with altered adipose tissue function, adipocyte death, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Most individuals who are obese harbor inflamed adipose tissue, which resembles chronically injured tissue, with immune cell infiltration and remodeling. Within this distinctly altered local environment, several pathophysiologic changes are found that may promote breast and other cancers. Consistently, adipose tissue inflammation is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with breast and tongue cancers. Systemically, the metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, occurs in the setting of adipose inflammation and operates in concert with local mechanisms to sustain the inflamed microenvironment and promote tumor growth. Importantly, adipose inflammation and its protumor consequences can be found in some individuals who are not considered to be obese or overweight by body mass index. Conclusion The tumor-promoting effects of obesity occur at the local level via adipose inflammation and associated alterations in the microenvironment, as well as systemically via circulating metabolic and inflammatory mediators associated with adipose inflammation. Accurately characterizing the obese state and identifying patients at increased risk for cancer development and progression will likely require more precise assessments than body mass index alone. Biomarkers of adipose tissue inflammation would help to identify high-risk populations. Moreover, adipose inflammation is a reversible process and represents a novel therapeutic target that warrants further study to break the obesity-cancer link.

Fig 1.

Local and circulating effects of white adipose tissue inflammation can promote tumor growth. Several circulating and local alterations that promote tumor growth occur in the setting of white adipose tissue inflammation manifested as CLS. CYP19A1 encodes aromatase, which catalyzes the conversion of androgen to estrogen. CLS, crown-like structure; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

Fig 2.

Breast white adipose tissue inflammation is detected by the presence of crown-like structures of the breast (CLS-B). (A) Hematoxylin and eosin section of breast tissue showing CLS-B (arrow; ×200 magnification) and (B) anti-CD68 immunostaining showing CLS-B (arrow; ×200 magnification).