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Review
. 2016 Nov;20(Suppl 2):S84-94.
doi: 10.5213/inj.1632752.376. Epub 2016 Nov 22.

Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Bladder Cancer

Hong-Tao Li  1 , Christopher E Duymich  1 , Daniel J Weisenberger  1   2 , Gangning Liang  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Bladder Cancer

Hong-Tao Li et al. Int Neurourol J. 2016 Nov.

Abstract

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and poor outcomes as a result of relapse. Bladder cancer patients require lifelong invasive monitoring and treatment, making bladder cancer one of the most expensive malignancies. Lines of evidence increasingly point to distinct genetic and epigenetic alteration patterns in bladder cancer, even between the different stages and grades of disease. In addition, genetic and epigenetic alterations have been demonstrated to play important roles during bladder tumorigenesis. This review will focus on bladder cancer-associated genomic and epigenomic alterations, which are common in bladder cancer and provide potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for bladder cancer treatment.

Keywords: DNA Methylation; Epigenetic Therapy; Epigenetics, Genetic; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Interaction of the genetic and epigenetic alterations. Whole-genome sequencing studies showed that many genetic mutations disturb the epigenetic regulation pathways in cancer. The 4 types of epigenetic regulation pathways also mutually interacted. The genome transcription is regulated by both genetic and epigenetic factors. Examples of some, but not all, of the mutations are shown.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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