Percutaneous tracheostomy--a new method

Abstract

A rapid method of definitive low tracheostomy utilizing an original instrument kit and percutaneous approach is described. Through a horizontal, shallow (1.5-cm) skin incision in the neck, a 12-ga needle is introduced into the tracheal lumen. A flexible metal guidewire is gently introduced through the needle, which is then removed. A specially designed percutaneous tracheostomy tool slides over the guidewire into the trachea; by squeezing its handles, the intercartilaginous space is enlarged, securing the placement of a cuffed tracheal cannula. After extensive and successful investigation in both cadaver and animal trials, the procedure was carried out in 80 patients who had a variety of underlying diseases, without serious complications. Of these 80 patients, 33 required airway control after neurosurgical interventions or after severe head trauma, 23 had percutaneous tracheostomy performed before radical excision for head and neck cancer, and the remaining 24 suffered from severe cardiorespiratory problems. Twenty-nine procedures were performed in the operating theater, and 51 procedures were carried out at the patient's bedside in the ICU, ED, or in the ward. There was no infection at the stoma site, and late healing was remarkable. It should be strongly emphasized that in the majority of our patients the procedure was carried out safely at the bedside. This resolved the logistic problem of moving very sick ICU patients (who are sometimes on high PEEP levels) to the OR. Although our experience is totally restricted to elective situations, we do postulate that it could be as effective in a variety of urgent situations.