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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Dec 9;12(12):CD010098.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010098.pub4.

Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults

Fiona Stewart  1 , Luis F Gameiro  2 , Regina El Dib  3 , Monica O Gameiro  2 , Anil Kapoor  4 , Joao L Amaro  5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults

Fiona Stewart et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Several options exist for managing overactive bladder (OAB), including electrical stimulation (ES) with non-implanted devices, conservative treatment and drugs. Electrical stimulation with non-implanted devices aims to inhibit contractions of the detrusor muscle, potentially reducing urinary frequency and urgency.

Objectives: To assess the effects of ES with non-implanted electrodes for OAB, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, compared with: placebo or any other active treatment; ES added to another intervention compared with the other intervention alone; different methods of ES compared with each other.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register, which contains trials identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP and handsearching of journals and conference proceedings (searched 10 December 2015). We searched the reference lists of relevant articles and contacted specialists in the field. We imposed no language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of ES with non-implanted devices compared with any other treatment for OAB in adults. Eligible trials included adults with OAB with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Trials whose participants had stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were excluded.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened search results, extracted data from eligible trials and assessed risk of bias, using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool.

Main results: We identified 63 eligible trials (4424 randomised participants). Forty-four trials did not report the primary outcomes of perception of cure or improvement in OAB. The majority of trials were deemed to be at low or unclear risk of selection and attrition bias and unclear risk of performance and detection bias. Lack of clarity with regard to risk of bias was largely due to poor reporting.For perception of improvement in OAB symptoms, moderate-quality evidence indicated that ES was better than pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (risk ratio (RR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 2.14; n = 195), drug treatment (RR 1.20, 95% 1.04 to 1.38; n = 439). and placebo or sham treatment (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.77, n = 677) but it was unclear if ES was more effective than placebo/sham for urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) (RR 5.03, 95% CI 0.28 to 89.88; n = 242). Drug treatments included in the trials were oestrogen cream, oxybutynin, propantheline bromide, probanthine, solifenacin succinate, terodiline, tolterodine and trospium chloride.Low- or very low-quality evidence suggested no evidence of a difference in perception of improvement of UUI when ES was compared to PFMT with or without biofeedback.Low- quality evidence indicated that OAB symptoms were more likely to improve with ES than with no active treatment (RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.55; n = 121).Low- quality evidence suggested participants receiving ES plus PFMT, compared to those receiving PFMT only, were more than twice as likely to report improvement in UUI (RR 2.82, 95% CI 1.44 to 5.52; n = 51).There was inconclusive evidence, which was either low- or very low-quality, for OAB-related quality of life when ES was compared to no active treatment, placebo/sham or biofeedback-assisted PFMT, or when ES was added to PFMT compared to PFMT-only. There was very low-quality evidence from a single trial to suggest that ES may be better than PFMT in terms of OAB-related quality of life.There was a lower risk of adverse effects with ES than tolterodine (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.27; n = 200) (moderate-quality evidence) and oxybutynin (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.84; n = 79) (low-quality evidence).Due to the very low-quality evidence available, we could not be certain whether there were fewer adverse effects with ES compared to placebo/sham treatment, magnetic stimulation or solifenacin succinate. We were also very uncertain whether adding ES to PFMT or to drug therapy resulted in fewer adverse effects than PFMT or drug therapy alone Nor could we tell if there was any difference in risk of adverse effects between different types of ES.There was insufficient evidence to determine if one type of ES was more effective than another or if the benefits of ES persisted after the active treatment period stopped.

Authors' conclusions: Electrical stimulation shows promise in treating OAB, compared to no active treatment, placebo/sham treatment, PFMT and drug treatment. It is possible that adding ES to other treatments such as PFMT may be beneficial. However, the low quality of the evidence base overall means that we cannot have full confidence in these conclusions until adequately powered trials have been carried out, measuring subjective outcomes and adverse effects.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Fiona Stewart: none known

Luís Felipe Orsi Gameiro: none known

Regina El Dib: none known

Monica Orsi Gameiro: none known

Anil Kapoor: none known

Joao Luiz Amaro: none known

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus no active treatment, Outcome 1 Number of participants cured or improved.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 1 Number of participants cured.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 2 Number of participants cured or improved.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 3 Number of participants cured or improved: different ES routes.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 4 Number of participants satisfied.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 5 Number of participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 6 Number of participants with improvement in urinary frequency.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 7 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 8 Number of nocturia episodes.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 9 Number of micturitions per 24 h.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus placebo or sham treatment, Outcome 10 Number of participants with adverse effects.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), Outcome 1 Number of participants cured or improved.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), Outcome 2 Number of participants satisfied.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture, Outcome 1 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 1 Number of participants cured.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 2 Number of participants cured or improved.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 3 Number of participants cured or improved: routes of ES.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 4 Number of participants satisfied.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 5 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 6 Number of urgency episodes per 24h.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 7 Number of micturitions per 24 h.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 8 Number of nocturia episodes per night.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation (ES) versus drug therapy, Outcome 9 Number of participants with adverse effects.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus PFMT alone, Outcome 1 Number of participants satisfied.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus PFMT alone, Outcome 2 Number of incontinence episodes per 24h.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus PFMT alone, Outcome 3 Number of urgency episodes per 24 h.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus PFMT alone, Outcome 4 Number of micturitions per 24 h.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus drug therapy versus drug therapy alone, Outcome 1 Quality of life.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus drug therapy versus drug therapy alone, Outcome 2 Number of incontinence episodes per 24h.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus drug therapy versus drug therapy alone, Outcome 3 Number of urgency episodes per 24 hours.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Electrical stimulation (ES) plus drug therapy versus drug therapy alone, Outcome 4 Number of micturitions per 24 hours.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Manriquez 2013 {published data only}
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Preyer 2007 {published data only}
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Schreiner 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schreiner L, Santos TG, Knorst MR, Silva Filho IG. Randomized trial of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women. International Urogynecology Journal 2010;21:1065‐70. [sr‐incont40051] - PubMed
    1. Schreiner L, dos Santos TG, Nygaard CC, Knorst MR, Silva Filho IG. Long term efficacy of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women (Abstract number 250). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2011;22(3 Suppl):S1811‐2. [sr‐incont61929]
Schreiner 2014 {published data only}
    1. Schreiner L, dos Santos T, Knorst M, Silva Filho I. Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women: 12‐month follow‐up of randomized trial (Abstract number OP 132). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2014;25(1 Suppl 1):S211. [sr‐incont67432]
Seth 2014 {published data only}
    1. Seth J, Gonzales G, Haslam C, Ochulor J, Elneil S, Vashisht A, et al. Single centre randomised pilot study of two regimens (30 mins daily or 30 mins weekly for 12 weeks) of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation using an adhesive skin patch for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms (Abstract number 710). Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 2014 Oct 20‐24, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2014. [sr‐incont64659]
Shepherd 1984 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd AM, Tribe E, Bainton D. Maximum perineal stimulation. A controlled study. British Journal of Urology 1984;56(6):644‐6. [sr‐incont657] - PubMed
Shepherd 1985 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd AM, Blannin JP, Winder A. The English experience of intra‐vaginal electrical stimulation in urinary incontinence ‐ a double blind trial. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 15th Annual Meeting, 3‐6 Sept 1985, London, UK. 1985:224‐5. [sr‐incont10923]
Slovak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Slovak M, Hillary C, Osman N, Chapple C, Barker A. Home based therapeutic application of non‐invasive posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms: a pilot clinical trial (Abstract number 257). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2015;34(S3):S229‐30. [NCT01783392; sr‐incont68745]
Smith 1996 {published data only}
    1. Smith JJ. Intravaginal stimulation randomized trial. Journal of Urology 1996;155:127‐30. - PubMed
Soomro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Soomro NA, Khadra MH, Robson W, Neal DE. A crossover randomized trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and oxybutynin in patients with detrusor instability. Journal of Urology 2001;166:146‐9. [sr‐incont12329] - PubMed
Sotelo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sotelo T, Wahlgren S, Nohilly M, Jacobs D. Human assessment trial to evaluate a novel, non‐invasive, patient‐managed neuromodulation system (PMNS) patch for wearing comfort and adhesive performance (Abstract number 340). Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 2011 Aug 29 to Sept 2, Glasgow, Scotland. 2011. [42215]
Souto 2014 {published data only}
    1. Souto SC, Reis LO, Palma T, Palma P, Denardi F. Prospective and randomized comparison of electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve versus oxybutynin versus their combination for treatment of women with overactive bladder syndrome. World Journal of Urology 2014;32(1):179‐84. [sr‐incont50405] - PubMed
Spruijt 2003 {published data only}
    1. Spruijt J, Vierhout M, Verstraeten R, Janssens J, Burger C. Vaginal electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor: a randomized feasibility study in urinary incontinent elderly women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2003;82:1043‐8. [sr‐incont16434] - PubMed
Svihra 2002 {published data only}
    1. Svihra J, Kurca E, Luptak J, Kliment J. Neuromodulative treatment of overactive bladder ‐ noninvasive tibial nerve stimulation. Bratisl Lek Listy 2002;103(12):480‐3. [sr‐incont15769] - PubMed
Vahtera 1997 {published data only}
    1. Vahtera T, Haaranen M, Viramo‐Koskela AL, Ruutiainen J. Pelvic floor rehabilitation is effective in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clinical Rehabilitation 1997;11(3):211‐9. [sr‐incont5519] - PubMed
Vecchioli‐Scaldazza 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vecchiolli‐Scaldazza C, Morosetti C, Berouz A, Giannubilo W, Ferrara V. Solifenacin succinate versus percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in women with overactive bladder syndrome: results of a randomized controlled crossover study. Gynecology and Obstetric Investigation 2013;75(4):230‐4. [sr‐incont48109] - PubMed
Vohra 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vohra A, Britchford A, Neale E, Husain I, Waterfall N. The efficacy of Stoller afferent nerve stimulation in frequency/urgency syndrome: a randomised control trial (Abstract number 217). Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 2002 Aug 28‐30, Heidelberg, Germany. 2002:133‐4. [sr‐incont14505]
Walsh 2001 {published data only}
    1. Walsh IK, Thompson T, Loughridge WG, Johnston SR, Keane PF, Stone AR. Non‐invasive antidromic neurostimulation: a simple effective method for improving bladder storage. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2001;20(1):73‐84. [sr‐incont12496] - PubMed
Wang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wang A, Wang Y. Single blind, randomized trial of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), biofeedback assisted pelvic floor muscle training (BAPFMT) and electrical stimulation (ES) in the management of overactive bladder (OAB) (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2003;22(5):519‐20. [sr‐incont17102]
    1. Wang AC, Wang YY, Chen MC. Single‐blind, randomized trial of pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback‐assisted pelvic floor muscle training, and electrical stimulation in the management of overactive bladder. Urology 2004;63(1):61‐6. [sr‐incont17448] - PubMed
Wang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wang AC, Chih SY, Chen MC. Comparison of electric stimulation and oxybutynin chloride in management of overactive bladder with special reference to urinary urgency : a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Urology 2006;68(5):999‐1004. [sr‐incont22261] - PubMed
Wang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wang AC, Chen MC, Kuo WY, Lin YH, Wang YC, Lo TS. Urgency‐free time interval as primary endpoint for evaluating the outcome of a randomized OAB treatment. International Urogynecology Journal 2009;20(7):819‐25. [sr‐incont31352] - PubMed
Wise 1992 {published data only}
    1. Wise BG, Cardozo LD, Cutner A, Kelleher C, Burton G. Maximal electrical stimulation: an acceptable alternative to anticholinergic therapy (Abstract number 32). Proceedings of the American Urogynecology Society, 13th Annual Meeting, 1992 Sept 27‐30, Cambridge, Massachussetts. 1992. [sr‐incont14580]
Wise 1993 {published data only}
    1. Wise BG, Cardozo LD, Plevnik S, Kelleher CJ, Abott D. A comparative study of oxybutynin and maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of detrusor instability (Abstract number 236). Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society, Sept 8‐11, Rome, Italy. 1993. [sr‐incont12049]
Yamanishi 2000a {published data only}
    1. Yamanishi T, Yasuda K, Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Suda S. Randomized, double‐blind study of electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence due to detrusor overactivity. Urology 2000;55(3):353‐7. [sr‐incont9011] - PubMed
Yamanishi 2000b {published data only}
    1. Yamanishi T, Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Suda S, Hattori T, Ito H, et al. Comparative study of the effects of magnetic versus electrical stimulation on inhibition of detrusor overactivity. Urology 2000;56(5):777‐81. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdelghany 2001 {published data only}
    1. Abdelghany S, Hughes J, Lammers J, Wellbrock B, Buffington PJ, Shank RA. Biofeedback and electrical stimulation therapy for treating urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction: one center's experience. Urology Nursing 2001;21(6):401‐5. - PubMed
Abel 1996 {published data only}
    1. Abel I, Ottesen B, Fischer‐Rasmussen W, Lose G. Maximal electrical study stimulation of the pelvic floor in the treatment of urge incontinence: a placebo controlled. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1996;15(4):283‐4.
Almeida 2004 {published data only}
    1. Almeida FG, Bruschini H, Srougi M. Urodynamic and clinical evaluation of 91 female patients with urinary incontinence treated with perineal magnetic stimulation: 1‐year follow up. Journal of Urology 2004;171(4):1571‐4, discussion 1574‐5. - PubMed
Al‐Mulhim 2002 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Mulhim AA, Al‐Gazzar SA, Bahnassy AA. Conservative treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability in elderly women. Saudi Medical Journal 2002;23(5):543‐5. - PubMed
Angioli 2013 {published data only}
    1. Angioli R, Montera R, Plotti F, Aloisi A, Montone E, Zullo MA. Sucess rates, quality of life, and feasibility of sacral nerve. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2013;24(5):789‐94. - PubMed
Baynham 2003 {published data only}
    1. Baynham T. Battery powered bion clinical investigation: an implantable microstimulator for the chronic treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence (Trial registry number: NCT00080470). ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov) (accessed 15 February 2016) 2003. [NCT00080470; sr‐incont49279]
Bazarim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bazarim C, Veloso L, Torelli L, Perez M, Sartori M, Castro R, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training versus intravaginal electrostimulation to perineal awareness in women with urinary incontinence. Pilot project (Abstract number 421). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2011;22(Suppl 3):S1943‐4. [sr‐incont61925]
Bidmead 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bidmead J, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K. Home electrical stimulation in addition to conventional pelvic floor exercises: a useful adjunct or expensive distraction? (Abstract number 68). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2002;21(4):372‐3. [sr‐incont14546]
Blok 2003 {published data only}
    1. Blok B, Groen J, Veltman D, Bosch R, Lammertsma A. Brain plasticity and urge incontinence: PET studies during the first hours of sacral neuromodulation (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2003;22(5):490‐1. [sr‐incont17105]
Bocker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bocker B, Smolenski UC. Physical therapy of pelvic floor insufficiency ‐ comparison of methods. Journal fur Urologie und Urogynakologie 2002;9(2):20‐7. [sr‐incont15468]
Bolukbas 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bolukbas N, Vural M, Karan A, Yalcin O, Eskiyurt N. Effectiveness of functional magnetic versus electrical stimulation in women with urinary incontinence. Europa Medicophysica 2005;41(4):297‐301. - PubMed
Borawski 2007 {published data only}
    1. Borawski KM, Foster RT, Webster GD, Amundsen CL. Predicting implantation with a neuromodulator using two different test stimulation techniques: a prospective randomized study in urge incontinent women. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2007;26(1):14‐8. [sr‐incont22575] - PubMed
Bourcier 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bourcier A, Juras J. Randomised study comparing physiotherapy and pelvic floor rehabilitation [abstract]. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 24th Annual Meeting, 1994 Aug 30‐Sep 2, Prague, Czech Republic. 1994:146. [sr‐incont10940]
Boy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Boy S, Schurch B, Mehnert U, Mehring G, Karsenty G, Reitz A. The effects of tolterodine on bladder‐filling sensations and perception thresholds to intravesical electrical stimulation: method and initial results. BJU International 2007;100(3):574‐8. - PubMed
But 2003 {published data only}
    1. But I, Faganel J, Sostaric A. Functional magnetic stimulation for mixed urinary incontinence. Journal of Urology 2003;173:1644‐6. - PubMed
Caputo 1993 {published data only}
    1. Caputo RM, Benson JT, McClellan E. Intravaginal maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1993;38(9):667‐71. - PubMed
Caraballo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Caraballo R, Bologna RA, Lukban J, Whitmore KE. Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for urge incontinence and associated pelvic floor disorders at a pelvic floor center: a follow‐up study. Urology 2001;57(6 Suppl1):121. - PubMed
Casolati 2011 {published data only}
    1. Casolati E, Chiappella C, Cortelezzi A. Pelvic floor muscle training and functional electrical stimulation in female urinary incontinence results in 170 patients. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2011:1‐54. [DOI: 10.1002/nau] - DOI
Chandi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chandi DD, Groenendijk PM, Venema PL. Functional extracorporeal magnetic stimulation as a treatment for female urinary incontinence: 'the chair'. BJU International 2004;93(4):539‐42. - PubMed
Congregado 2004 {published data only}
    1. Congregado RB, Pena XM, Campoy MP, León DE, Leal LA. Peripheral afferent nerve stimulation for treatment of lower urinary tract irritative symptoms. European Urology 2004;45(1):65‐9. - PubMed
Das 2002 {published data only}
    1. Das AK, Benson JT, Noblett K, Siegel S. Does the measurement of urethral and levator compound muscle action potentials improve the outcome of sacral neuromodulation? (Abstract). Journal of Urology 2002;167(4 Suppl):250. [sr‐incont17667]
De Laet 2005 {published data only}
    1. Laet K, Wachter S, Wyndaele JJ. Current perception thresholds in the lower urinary tract: sine‐ and square‐wave currents studied in young healthy volunteers. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2005;24(3):261‐6. - PubMed
Delneri 2000 {published data only}
    1. Delneri C, Benedetto P. Pelvic floor rehabilitation. A comparison of two methods of treatment: vaginal cones versus functional electrical stimulation. Europa Medicophysica 2000;36(1):45‐8. [sr‐incont12117]
Doganay 2010 {published data only}
    1. Doganay M, Kilic S, Yilmaz N. Long‐term effects of extracorporeal magnetic innervations in the treatment of women with urinary incontinence: results of 3‐year follow‐up. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2010;282:49‐53. - PubMed
Dunkley 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dunkley P, Morris AR, O'Sullivan R, Allen W, Moore KH. Idiopathic detrusor instability ‐ a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial of electromagnetic stimulation therapy versus sham therapy (Abstract number 227). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 32nd Annual Meeting, 2002 Aug 28‐30, Heidelberg, Germany. 2002:142‐3. [sr‐incont14511]
Edwards 1973 {published data only}
    1. Edwards L, Malvern J. Long‐term follow‐up results with the pubo‐vaginal spring device in incontinence of urine of women: comparison with electronic methods of control. British Journal of Urology 1973;45(103):94‐6. [sr‐incont2631] - PubMed
Edwards 2000 {published data only}
    1. Edwards GJ, Wines H, Barrington JW. A comparison between pelvic floor exercises and pelvic floor exercises and electrical therapy with respect to urethral pressure profiles (Abstract number IDP50). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2000;11(Suppl 1):S89. [sr‐incont11914]
Elgamasy 1996 {published data only}
    1. Elgamasy AN, Lewis V, Hassouna ME, Ghoniem GM. Effect of transvaginal stimulation in the treatment of detrusor instability. Urologic Nursing 1996;16(4):127‐30. - PubMed
Esa 1991 {published data only}
    1. Esa A, Kiwamoto H, Sugiyama T, Park YC, Kaneko S, Kurita T. Functional electrical stimulation in the management of incontinence: studies of urodynamics. International Urology and Nephrology 1991;23(2):135‐41. - PubMed
Everaert 1999 {published data only}
    1. Everaert K, Lefevere F, Hagens P, Vanderstraeten G, Oosterlinck W. Influence of FES parameters on urethral pressure (Abstract number 315). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 29th Annual Meeting, 1999 Aug 23‐26, Denver, Colorado. 1999:390. [sr‐incont9927]
Fall 1977 {published data only}
    1. Fall M, Erladson B, Nilson A, Sundin T. Long‐term intravaginal electrical stimulation in urge and stress incontinence. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. Supplementum 1977;44:55‐63. - PubMed
Fehrling 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fehrling M, Fall M, Peeker R. Maximal functional electrical stimulation as a single treatment: is it cost‐effective?. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2007;41(2):132‐7. - PubMed
Finazzi‐Agró 2011 {published data only}
    1. Finazzi‐Agró E, Valentina M, Angelo S, Filomena P, Claudio P, Annunziata P, et al. What to do if percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) works? A pilot study on home based transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2011;30 Suppl 1:50‐1.
Franco 2011 {published data only}
    1. Franco M, Souza F, Vasconcelos E, Freitas M, Ferreira C. Evaluation of quality of life and loss urine of women with overactive bladder treated with intravaginal or tibial nerve electro stimulation [Avaliação da qualidade de vida e da perda urinária em mulheres com bexiga hiperativa tratadas com eletroestimulação transvaginal ou do nervo tibial]. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 2011;18(2):145‐50.
Fujishiro 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fujishiro T, Takahashi S, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y, Ueno S, Kitamura T. Magnetic stimulation of the sacral roots for the treatment of urinary frequency and urge incontinence: an investigational study and placebo controlled trial. Journal of Urology 2002;168:1036‐9. - PubMed
Geirsson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Geirsson G, Fall M. Maximal functional electrical stimulation in routine practice. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1997;16(6):559‐65. - PubMed
Glybochko 2010 {published data only}
    1. Glybochko PV, Aboian IA, Valiev AZ, Surikov VN, Raigorodskii IuM. Intravesical electrostimulation and magnetophoresis in overactive bladder in females: efficacy of Amus‐01‐Intramag device with Intrastim attachment. Urologiia (Moscow, Russia) 2010;5:61‐5. [sr‐incont41383] - PubMed
Govier 2001 {published data only}
    1. Govier F, Litwiller S, Nitti V, Kreder K, Rosenblatt P. Percutaneous afferent neuromodulation for the refractory overactive bladder: results of a multicenter study. Journal of Urology 2001;165(4):1193‐8. - PubMed
Gungor 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gungor F, Karamustafaoglu B, Alper N, Yalcin O. Efficacy of extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy for urinary incontinence in women. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2011;22 Suppl 3:S1829‐30.
Hasan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hasan ST, Robson WA, Pridie AK, Neal DE. Outcome of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in patients with detrusor instability (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics 1994;13(4):349‐50. [sr‐incont2686]
Hoffmann 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann W, Liedke S, Dombo O, Otto U. Electrical stimulation to treat postoperative incontinence. Therapeutic benefit in regard to quality of life. Urologe (Ausg.A) 2005;44(1):33‐40. [sr‐incont20402] - PubMed
Holtedahl 1998 {published data only}
    1. Holtedahl K, Verelst M, Schiefloe A. A population based,randomized controlled trial of conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in women. Acta Obestetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1998;77(6):671‐7. [sr‐incont7838] - PubMed
Indrekvam 2001 {published data only}
    1. Indrekvam S, Fosse O, Hunskaar S. A Norwegian national cohort of 3198 women treated with home‐managed electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence ‐ demography and medical history. Scandinavia Journal Urololy Nephrology 2001;35(1):26‐31. - PubMed
Jacomo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jacomo R, Alves AT, Paulino dos Santos BA, Amatuzzi TF, Barbaresco L, Karnikowski MG, et al. Effect of posterior tibial nerve stimulation on pelvic floor strength and electromyography activity in elderly women. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2013;32(6):669‐70.
Jahr 2005 {published data only}
    1. Jahr S, Gauruder‐Burmester A, Tunn R, Reisshauer A. Role of pelvic floor intravaginal surface EMG in the diagnosis and therapy of female urinary incontinence. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 2005;15(1):20‐6.
Karademir 2005 {published data only}
    1. Karademir K, Baykal K, Sen B, Senkul T, Iseri C, Erden D. A peripheric neuromodulation technique for curing detrusor overactivity: Stoller afferent neurostimulation. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2005;39(3):230‐3. [sr‐incont20784] - PubMed
Kaya 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kaya S, Akbayrak T, Beksaç S. Comparison of different treatment protocols in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(4):327‐38. - PubMed
Kirschner–Hermanns 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kirschner‐Hermanns R, Jakse G. Magnet stimulation therapy: a simple solution for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence?. Urologe ‐ Ausgabe 2003;42(6):819‐22. - PubMed
Kölle 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kölle D, Madersbacher H, Kiss G, Mair D. Intravesical electrostimulation for treatment of bladder dysfunction. Initial experiences after gynecological operations. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 1995;35(4):221‐5. - PubMed
Kralj 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kralj B. Functional electrostimulation in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2001;13(2):37‐41.
Latini 2006 {published data only}
    1. Latini J, Alipour M, Kreder J. Efficacy of sacral neuromodulation for symptomatic treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence. Urology 2006;67(3):550‐3. - PubMed
Lu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lu J, Zongguo ZJ. Observation on therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture neurostimulation therapy for urge urinary incontinence. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 2012;32(8):691‐5. - PubMed
Lucio 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lucio A, Perissinotto M, Damasceno B, D'Ancona C. Comparison of intravaginal neuromuscular electrical stimulation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in women with multiple sclerosis (Abstract number 105). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2013;32(6):671‐2. [sr‐incont49215]
MacDiarmid 2010a {published data only}
    1. MacDiarmid SA, Peters KM, Shobeiri SA, Wooldridge LS, Rovner ES, Leong FC, et al. Long‐term durability of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder. Journal of Urology 2010;183(1):234‐40. [TrialID.OrBIT.; sr‐incont35420] - PubMed
MacDiarmid 2010b {published data only}
    1. MacDiarmid S, Peters K, Wooldridge L. 12 month percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation treatment interval results: outcomes from the OrBIT trial (Abstract number 261). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2010;29(6):1179‐80. [TrialID.OrBIT.; sr‐incont40163]
Madersbacher 2004 {published data only}
    1. Madersbacher H, Pilloni S. Efficacy of extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy (ExMI) in comparison to standard therapy for stress, urge and mixed incontinence: a randomised prospective trial (Abstract number 185). European Urology Supplements 2004;3(2):49.
Marcelissen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Marcelissen TA, Leong RK, Serroyen J, Van‐Kerrebroeck PE, De‐Wachter SG. The use of bilateral sacral nerve stimulation in patients with loss of unilateral treatment efficacy. Journal of Urology 2011;185(3):976‐80. - PubMed
Marchal 2011 {published data only}
    1. Marchal C, Herrera B, Antua F, Saez F, Perez J, Castillo E, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in treatment of overactive bladder: when should retreatment be started?. Urology 2011;78(5):1046‐50. - PubMed
Mauroy 2001 {published data only}
    1. Mauroy B, Goullet E, Bonnal JL, Devillers P, Soret R, Ametepe B. Long‐term results of interferential current stimulation in the treatment of bladder instability. Progrés en Urologie 2001;11(1):34‐9. - PubMed
McClurg 2004 {published data only}
    1. McClurg D, Ashe R, Marshall K, Lowe‐Strong A. A randomised study comparing the effect of pelvic floor exercises and advice with electrical stimulation and electromyography biofeedback on lower urinary tract dysfunction in a multiple sclerosis population (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society United Kingdom 11th Annual Scientific Meeting, Bournemouth, United Kingdom, 18‐19 March 2004. 2004:24. [sr‐incont17179]
McClurg 2006 {published data only}
    1. McClurg D, Ashe RG, Marshall K, Lowe‐Strong AS. Comparison of pelvic floor muscle training, electromyography biofeedback, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation for bladder dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized pilot study. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(4):337‐48. [sr‐incont22094] - PubMed
McClurg 2008 {published data only}
    1. McClurg D, Ashe RG, Lowe‐Strong AS. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis ‐ a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2008;27(3):231‐7. [27151] - PubMed
McGuire 2009 {published data only}
    1. McGuire M, Peters K. InterStim therapy programming study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01009333 (accessed 15 February 2016) 2009. [NCT01009333; sr‐incont49814]
McIntosh 1993 {published data only}
    1. McIntosh LJ, Frahm JD, Mallett VT, Richardson DA. Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of incontinence. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1993;38(9):662‐6. - PubMed
Memtsa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Memtsa M, Dadswell R, Green L, Smith J, Yoong W. Tibial nerve stimulation for intractable detrusor instability: a pilot study in a multiethnic population. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107 Suppl(2):S265.
Mok 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mok N. Effectiveness of an urinary continence physiotherapy program (UCPP) for Chinese elderly women in a community setting: a randomised controlled trial. isrctn.org/ISRCTN62679410 2007. [ISRCTN62679410; sr‐incont47885]
Moore 2003 {published data only}
    1. Moore K, O'Sullivan R, Morris A. A prospective randomised sham control trial of extra‐corporeal magnetic stimulation in patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Canberra, Australia Department Health final report the Commonwealth Government of Australia. 2003:1‐6.
NCT00534521 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT00534521, Peters K. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation vs. sham. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00534521 2007 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT00534521; sr‐incont61599]
NCT00547378 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT00547378, Siegel S. Prospective, multicenter trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of InterStim© therapy in subjects with symptoms of overactive bladder (InSite OAB). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00547378 2007 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT00547378; sr‐incont60053]
NCT00695058 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00695058, Sonksen JR, Fode M. Transcutaneous Mechanical Nerve Stimulation (TMNS) by vibration in the treatment of incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00695058 2008 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT00695058; sr‐incont50310]
NCT00928499 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00928499, Noblett K, Lane F, Markle D, George E, Rhee J. Randomized controlled trial of continuous vs. cyclic stimulation in InterStim therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00928499 2009 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT00928499; sr‐incont63572]
NCT01023269 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT01023269, Spinelli M, Everaert K, Kerrebroeck P, Chartier‐Kastler E, Ophoven A, Sievert K, et al. Phase IV, randomized, cross‐over study to demonstrate the efficacy of pudendal neuromodulation for the treatment of neurogenic overactive bladder. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01023269 2009 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01023269; sr‐incont61767]
NCT01043848 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT01043848, Mehnert U, Schubert M. Therapeutic effects of early and late onset peripheral pudendal neurostimulation on bladder function and autonomic neuroplasticity in spinal cord injury patients ‐ a controlled European multicenter study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01043848 2009 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01043848; sr‐incont61598]
NCT01972061 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01972061, Chen M. Foot neuromodulation for Overactive Bladder (OAB). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01972061 2013 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01972061; sr‐incont61595]
NCT02029027 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT02029027, Bernardini M. Interest of intravaginal electro‐stimulation at home by GYNEFFIK© compared to usual care in incontinent patients With prior perineal reeducation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02029027 2012 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT02029027; sr‐incont64490]
NCT02107820 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02107820, Dua A, Freeman RM, Bombieri L, White K, George C, et al. Does bladder training (BT) improve the efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in women with refractory overactive bladder (OAB) ‐ a randomised controlled study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02107820 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT02107820; sr‐incont61771]
NCT02176642 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02176642, Siddiqui NY, Visco AG, Weidner AC, Amundsen CL, Polin MR. Double‐blind randomized controlled trial of extended release oxybutynin versus placebo in women receiving posterior tibial nerve stimulation for treatment of urgency urinary incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02176642 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT02176642; sr‐incont63801]
NCT02185235 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02185235, Su T‐H. To evaluate the efficacy of electrical stimulation and biofeedback treatment for pelvic floor disorder women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02185235 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT02185235; sr‐incont63818]
NCT02190851 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02190851, Game X, Castel‐Lacanal E. Evaluation of treatment by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of the posterior tibial nerve for lower urinary tract disorders in Parkinson's syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02190851 2014. [NCT02190851; sr‐incont63580]
NCT02239796 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02239796, Booth J, Dickson S. A feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation to alleviate stroke‐related urinary incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02239796 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont64494]
Neimark 2010 {published data only}
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Nuhoglu 2006 {published data only}
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Oh‐Oka 2007 {published data only}
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Okada 1998 {published data only}
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Onal 2012 {published data only}
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Ozdedeli 2010 {published data only}
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Portigliotti 1996 {published data only}
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Preisinger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Preisinger E, Hofbauer J, Nurnberger N, Sadil S, Schneider B. Possibilities of physiotherapy for urinary stress incontinence. Zeitschrift Physische Medizin, Balneologische Medizin Klimatologie 1990;19(2):75‐9. [sr‐incont6314]
Rasero 2005 {published data only}
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Reilly 2008 {published data only}
    1. Reilly BA, Fynes M, Achtari C, Hiscock R, Thomas E, Murray C, et al. A prospective randomised double‐blind controlled trial evaluating the effect of trans‐sacral magnetic stimulation in women with overactive bladder. International Urogynecology Journal 2008;19:497‐502. - PubMed
Ricci 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupunture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2004;23(1):58‐62. - PubMed
Sale 1994 {published data only}
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Seif 2003 {published data only}
    1. Seif C, Horst C, Bannowsky A, Herezog J, Volkmann J, Deuschi G, et al. Impact of deep brain stimulation on the bladder function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson syndrome (Abstract). 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 2003 Oct 5‐9, Florence Italy. ICS, 2003:115. [sr‐incont17150]
Seo 2004 {published data only}
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Shafik 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Shah P, Dadswell R, Green L, Melendez J, Ridout A, Yoong W. Sustained effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder syndrome: 2 year follow up of responders. BJOG: an International Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology 2012;119:192.
Siegel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Siegel SW, Richardson DA, Miller KL, Karram MM, Blackwood NB, Sand PK, et al. Pelvic floor electrical stimulation for the treatment of urge and mixed urinary incontinence in women. Urology 1997;50(6):934‐40. - PubMed
Stein 1995 {published data only}
    1. Stein M, Discippio W, Davia M, Taub H. Biofeedback for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence. Journal of Urology 1995;153(3 pt 1):641‐3. - PubMed
Surwit 2010 {published data only}
    1. Surwit E, Garcia R. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), pelvic floor rehabilitation (PFR) and electrical stimulation (ES) in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2010;29(2):318.
Suzuki 2007 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T, Kitahara S, Nakai H, Suda S, et al. Randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled evaluation of the effect of functional continuous magnetic stimulation in patients with urgency incontinence. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2007;26(6):767‐72. - PubMed
Van‐Balken 2001 {published data only}
    1. Balken M, Vandoninck V, Gisolf KW, Vergunst H, Lambertus AL, Debruyne FM, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation as neuromodulative treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Journal of Urology 2001;166(3):914‐8. - PubMed
Van‐Balken 2006 {published data only}
    1. Van Balken MR, Vergunst H, Bemelmans BL. Prognostic factors for successful percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation. European Urology 2006;49(2):360‐5. - PubMed
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Vandoninck 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Van Meel TD, Wyndaele JJ. Reproducibility of electrical sensory testing in lower urinary tract at weekly intervals in healthy volunteers and women with non‐neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urology 2012;79(3):526‐31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology. 2011.11. 038] - PubMed
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Veloso 2011 {published data only}
    1. Veloso V, Velasquez JA, Burti J, Cassiano AC, Almeida F. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in men: quality of life questionnaire (I‐QOL), overactive bladder symptoms questionnaires (OAB‐Q), international prostatic symptoms score (IPSS), and 3 days bladder diary evaluation. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2011;22(SUPPL 2):S1231.
Voorham 2006 {published data only}
    1. Voorham VD, Pelger RC, Stiggelbout AM, Elzevier HW, Lycklama A, Nijeholt GA. Effects of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. BJU International 2006;97(5):1035‐8. - PubMed
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Walsh 2000 {published data only}
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Webb 1992 {published data only}
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Wooldridge 2009 {published data only}
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Yamanishi 2006 {published data only}
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Yamanishi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yamanishi T, Homma Y, Nishiwaza O, Yasuda K, Yokoyama O. Single‐blind, placebo controlled, randomized controlled study of the efficacy of a high‐frequency continuous magnetic stimulator for urgency incontinence. Urology 2012;80(3 Suppl 1):S125.
Yamanishi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yamanishi T, Homma Y, Nishizawa O, Yasuda K, Yokoyama O. Multicenter, randomized, sham controlled study on the efficacy of magnetic stimulation for women with urgency urinary incontinence. International Journal of Urology 2013;21(4):395‐400. - PubMed
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Yaski 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yaski E, Capan N, Akalin E, Karan A, Eskiyurt N. Role of neuromodulation in physical therapy‐resistant urge urinary incontinence. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2013;59(Suppl 1):300.
Yasuda 1994 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda K, Kawabe K, Suzuki T, Kageyama K, Yokoyama A, Takimoto Y, et al. Interferential therapy for the treatment of pollakisuria, urinary urgency and incontinence (Abstract). Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 1994 Aug 30‐Sep 2, Prague, Czech Republic. 1994:222. [sr‐incont10944]
Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yokoyama T, Fujita O, Nishiguchi J, Nozaki K, Nose H, Inoue M, et al. Extracorporeal magnetic innervation treatment for urinary incontinence. International Journal of Urology 2004;11(8):602‐6. - PubMed
Yoong 2010 {published data only}
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Yoong 2013 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Zhao 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zhao D, Li H. Microwave combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise treatment for the middle and elderly patients with urinary incontinence. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 2000;23(3):141‐3.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01464372 {published data only}
    1. NCT01464372. Electrical field stimulation for the treatment of urge urinary incontinence and overactive bladder ‐ Version: 3.0 Dated 16 Apr 2012. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01464372 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01464372; sr‐incont61583]
NCT01783392 {published data only}
    1. NCT01783392. Peripheral electrical stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01783392 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01783392; sr‐incont61593]
NCT01912885 {published data only}
    1. NCT01912885, Pierre ML, Valeis N. Comparison of posterior tibial nerve electrical stimulation protocols for overactive bladder syndrome: randomized blind clinical trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01912885 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont64495]
NCT01940367 {published data only}
    1. NCT01940367, McVearry ME, Lamb SV. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for overactive bladder: a randomized trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01940367 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NCT01940367; sr‐incont61768]
NCT02110680 {published data only}
    1. NCT02110680, Vainrib M. Efficacy of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on improvement of overactive bladder symptoms. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02110680 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont61770]
NCT02311634 {published data only}
    1. NCT02311634, Wang S, Feng X. A comparison of efficacies of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation versus transvaginal electrical stimulation in treating urge incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02311634 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont64748]
NCT02377765 {published data only}
    1. NCT02377765, Martin‐Garcia M. A single blind, randomised, controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Transcutaneous Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (TPTNS) in Overactive Bladder (OAB) symptoms in women responders to Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02377765 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont66660]
NCT02452593 {published data only}
    1. NCT02452593, Ramos JG, Aranchipe M, Paiva L. Randomized trial of tibial nerve stimulation versus pelvic floor exercises for treatment of overactive bladder, urge and mixed urinary incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02452593 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont68778]
NCT02456441 {published data only}
    1. NCT02456441, Rosa LT, Plentz RDM, Lima CHL, Stein C, Macagnan FE. The effects of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in sympathetic and parasympathetic system in women with overactive bladder: randomized clinical trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02456441 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont68783]
NCT02511717 {published data only}
    1. NCT02511717, Welk B, McKibbon M. A randomized trial of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for overactive bladder patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02511717 2015 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont68784]
NCT02582151 {published data only}
    1. NCT02582151. A randomized trial of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for neurogenic bladder. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02582151 2015 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont69686]
NCT02583529 {published data only}
    1. NCT02583529, Araujo TG. Neurogenic overactive bladder treatment on Parkinson's disease through back tibial nerve electrostimulation. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02583529 2014 (accessed 15 February 2016). [sr‐incont69672]
NTR2192 {published data only}
    1. NTR2192, Biemans J. Bladder training with or without PTNS (Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation) in the treatment of Overactive Bladder ‐ PTOAB study. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2192 2010 (accessed 15 February 2016). [NTR2192; sr‐incont64572]

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