Macro- and micronutrient intakes in picky eaters: a cause for concern?

Abstract

Background: Picky eating (PE) is characterized by an unwillingness to eat certain foods and by strong food preferences. PE may result in lower intakes of energy and nutrients, which may compromise health.

Objectives: We quantified nutrient and food group intakes in children identified as picky eaters or nonpicky eaters and compared intakes between groups and with United Kingdom reference nutrient intakes.

Design: PE was identified in an observational cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) from questionnaires administered when children were aged 2, 3, 4.5, and 5.5 y. Dietary intake was assessed at 3.5 and 7.5 y with a 3-d food record. The dietary assessment at 3.5 y compared picky eaters with nonpicky eaters identified at age 3 y, and the assessment at 7.5 y compared longitudinally defined PE groups.

Results: Picky eaters aged 3 y had lower mean carotene, iron, and zinc intakes than nonpicky eaters. There were similar differences between the longitudinally defined PE groups. Iron and zinc intakes were most likely to be below recommended amounts, with free sugar intake much higher than recommended. There were no significant differences in energy intakes between the groups, and intakes were adequate relative to estimated average requirements. Nutrient differences were explained by lower intakes of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits in picky eaters than in nonpicky eaters. There were higher intakes of sugary foods and drinks in older picky eaters.

Conclusions: PE did not result in compromised macronutrient intakes, although intakes of zinc and iron were more likely to be below recommendations for picky eaters than for nonpicky eaters. Emphasis should be placed on allaying parental concerns about picky eaters being prone to inadequate nutrient intakes and on encouraging all parents to extend their child's diet to include more nutrient-rich items, especially fruits and vegetables, and less nutrient-poor sugary foods.

Keywords: ALSPAC; antioxidants; fruits; macronutrients; meat; micronutrients; picky eating; vegetables.

FIGURE 1

Flowchart of PE definitions for the analysis of longitudinal picky eating. ^aLow PE, score of 1 at all time points or 0 or 1 at 3 points and 2 at any 1 time point; ^bhigh PE, score of 2 at ≥2 time points; ^cearly PE, in high group and score of 2 at first and/or second time point; ^dlate PE, in high group and score of 2 for the first time at third time point; ^epersistent, in early group and a score of two 3 or 4 times; and ^fnot persistent, in early group and score of 2 twice. FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FR, food record; PE, picky eating.