Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: An empirical approach

Abstract

Targeted approaches for the treatment of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN) have been recommended, but there is no consensus definition of SE-AN to inform research and clinical practice. This study aimed to take initial steps toward developing an empirically based definition of SE-AN by characterizing associations among putative indicators of severity and chronicity in eating disorders. Patients with AN (N = 355) completed interviews and questionnaires at treatment admission and discharge; height and weight were assessed to calculate body mass index (BMI). Structural equation mixture modeling was used to test whether associations among potential indicators of SE-AN (illness duration, treatment history, BMI, binge eating, purging, quality-of-life) formed distinct subgroups, a single group with one or more dimensions, or a combination of subgroups and dimensions. A three-factor (dimensional), two-profile (categorical) mixture model provided the best fit to the data. Factor 1 included eating disorder behaviors; Factor 2 comprised quality-of-life domains; Factor 3 was characterized by illness duration, number of hospitalizations, and admission BMI. Profiles differed on eating disorder behaviors and quality-of-life, but not on indicators of chronicity or BMI. Factor scores, but not profile membership, predicted outcome at discharge from treatment. Data suggest that patients with AN can be classified on the basis of eating disorder behaviors and quality-of-life, but there was no evidence for a chronic subgroup of AN. Rather, indices of chronicity varied dimensionally within each class. Given that current definitions of SE-AN rely on illness duration, these findings have implications for research and clinical practice.

Keywords: anorexia nervosa; chronic; classification; enduring; severe; structural equation mixture modeling.

Figure 1. Mean item responses for clinical and psychosocial/health indicators for the best-fitting latent profile analysis

LP1=Latent profile 1; LP2=Latent profile 2; Duration=Duration of illness; BMI=Body mass index; Lower scores on BMI at admission, physical health, emotional well-being, and social functioning are associated with worse functioning, whereas for all other variables higher scores are associated with greater severity. Error bars represent the standard error.

Figure 2. Mean item responses for eating disorder behaviors for the best-fitting latent profile analysis

Error bars represent the standard error.