Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Dec 20;12(12):CD009840.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009840.pub2.

Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults

Christine Baldwin  1 , Katherine L Kimber  2 , Michelle Gibbs  1 , Christine Elizabeth Weekes  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults

Christine Baldwin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Supportive interventions such as serving meals in a dining room environment or the use of assistants to feed patients are frequently recommended for the management of nutritionally vulnerable groups. Such interventions are included in many policy and guideline documents and have implications for staff time but may incur additional costs, yet there appears to be a lack of evidence for their efficacy.

Objectives: To assess the effects of supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults.

Search methods: We identified publications from comprehensive searches of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science databases, scrutiny of the reference lists of included trials and related systematic reviews and handsearching the abstracts of relevant meetings. The date of the last search for all databases was 31 March 2013. Additional searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP were undertaken to September 2016. The date of the last search for these databases was 14 September 2016.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of supportive interventions given with the aim of enhancing dietary intake in nutritionally vulnerable adults compared with usual care.

Data collection and analysis: Three review authors and for the final search, the editor, selected trials from titles and abstracts and independently assessed eligibility of selected trials. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias, as well as evaluating overall quality of the evidence utilising the GRADE instrument, and then agreed as they entered data into the review. The likelihood of clinical heterogeneity amongst trials was judged to be high as trials were in populations with widely different clinical backgrounds, conducted in different healthcare settings and despite some grouping of similar interventions, involved interventions that varied considerably. We were only able, therefore, to conduct meta-analyses for the outcome measures, 'all-cause mortality', 'hospitalisation' and 'nutritional status (weight change)'.

Main results: Forty-one trials (10,681 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Trials were grouped according to similar interventions (changes to organisation of nutritional care (N = 13; 3456 participants), changes to the feeding environment (N = 5; 351 participants), modification of meal profile or pattern (N = 12; 649 participants), additional supplementation of meals (N = 10; 6022 participants) and home meal delivery systems (N = 1; 203 participants). Follow-up ranged from 'duration of hospital stay' to 12 months.The overall quality of evidence was moderate to very low, with the majority of trials judged to be at an unclear risk of bias in several risk of bias domains. The risk ratio (RR) for all-cause mortality was 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.92); P = 0.004; 12 trials; 6683 participants; moderate-quality evidence. This translates into 26 (95% CI 9 to 41) fewer cases of death per 1000 participants in favour of supportive interventions. The RR for number of participants with any medical complication ranged from 1.42 in favour of control compared with 0.59 in favour of supportive interventions (very low-quality evidence). Only five trials (4451 participants) investigated health-related quality of life showing no substantial differences between intervention and comparator groups. Information on patient satisfaction was unreliable. The effects of supportive interventions versus comparators on hospitalisation showed a mean difference (MD) of -0.5 days (95% CI -2.6 to 1.6); P = 0.65; 5 trials; 667 participants; very low-quality evidence. Only three of 41 included trials (4108 participants; very low-quality evidence) reported on adverse events, describing intolerance to the supplement (diarrhoea, vomiting; 5/34 participants) and discontinuation of oral nutritional supplements because of refusal or dislike of taste (567/2017 participants). Meta-analysis across 17 trials with adequate data on weight change revealed an overall improvement in weight in favour of supportive interventions versus control: MD 0.6 kg (95% CI 0.21 to 1.02); 2024 participants; moderate-quality evidence. A total of 27 trials investigated nutritional intake with a majority of trials not finding marked differences in energy intake between intervention and comparator groups. Only three trials (1152 participants) reported some data on economic costs but did not use accepted health economic methods (very low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: There is evidence of moderate to very low quality to suggest that supportive interventions to improve nutritional care results in minimal weight gain. Most of the evidence for the lower risk of all-cause mortality for supportive interventions comes from hospital-based trials and more research is needed to confirm this effect. There is very low-quality evidence regarding adverse effects; therefore whilst some of these interventions are advocated at a national level clinicians should recognise the lack of clear evidence to support their role. This review highlights the importance of assessing patient-important outcomes in future research.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Michelle Gibbs: this work was financially supported by a grant from the British Dietetic Association.

Katherine Kimber: none known.

Christine Baldwin: some of the early work on this review was funded by an educational grant from the British Dietetic Association. The grant was used to support the salary of two research assistants who contributed to the searching, study selection and writing of the review.

Christine Elizabeth Weekes: none known.

Figures

1
1
2
2
Study flow diagram
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included trial.
4
4
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included trials.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, outcome: 1.2 Nutritional status (weight change) (kg)
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, outcome: 1.4 All‐cause mortality
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, Outcome 1 No. of participants with complications.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, Outcome 2 Nutritional status (weight change).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, Outcome 3 Hospitalisation.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake versus comparators, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Barton 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barton AD, Beigg CL, Macdonald IA, Allison SP. A recipe for improving food intakes in elderly hospitalized patients. Clinical Nutrition 2000;19(6):451‐4. - PubMed
Beck 2002 {published data only}
    1. Beck AM, Ovesen L, Schroll M. Home‐made oral supplement as nutritional support of old nursing home residents, who are undernourished or at risk of undernutrition based on the MNA. A pilot trial. Mini Nutritional Assessment. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2002;14(3):212‐5. - PubMed
Bouillanne 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bouillanne O, Curis E, Hamon‐Vilcot B, Nicolis I, Chretien P, Schauer N, et al. Impact of protein pulse feeding on lean mass in malnourished and at‐risk hospitalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(2):186‐92. - PubMed
    1. Bouillanne O, Neveux N, Nicolis I, Curis E, Cynober L, Aussel C. Long‐lasting improved amino acid bioavailability associated with protein pulse feeding in hospitalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2014;30(5):544‐50. [PUBMED: 24355438] - PubMed
Bourdel‐Marchasson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bourdel‐Marchasson I, Barateau M, Rondeau V, Dequae‐Merchadou L, Salles‐Montaudon N, Emeriau J, et al. A multi‐center trial of the effects of oral nutritional supplementation in critically ill older inpatients. Nutrition 2000;16(1):1‐5. - PubMed
Brouillette 1991 {published data only}
    1. Brouillette ME, White LW. The effects of olfactory stimulation on the appetites of nursing home residents. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1991;10(1):1‐13.
Castellanos 2009 {published data only}
    1. Castellanos VH, Marra MV, Johnson P. Enhancement of select foods at breakfast and lunch increases energy intakes of nursing home residents with low meal intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009;109(3):445‐51. - PubMed
Chang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chang CC, Lin LC. Effects of a feeding skills training programme on nursing assistants and dementia patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005;14(10):1185‐92. - PubMed
Dennis 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dennis M. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9461):755‐63. - PubMed
Duncan 2006 {published data only}
    1. Duncan DG, Beck SJ, Hood K, Johansen A. Using dietetic assistants to improve the outcome of hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial of nutritional support in an acute trauma ward. Age and Ageing 2006;35(2):148‐53. - PubMed
Essed 2007 {published data only}
    1. Essed NH, Staveren WA, Kok FJ, Graaf C. No effect of 16 weeks flavor enhancement on dietary intake and nutritional status of nursing home elderly. Appetite 2007;48(1):29‐36. - PubMed
Essed 2009 {published data only}
    1. Essed NH, Oerlemans P, Hoek M, Staveren WA, Kok FJ, Graaf C. Optimal preferred MSG concentration in potatoes, spinach and beef and their effect on intake in institutionalized elderly people. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2009;13(9):769‐75. - PubMed
Faxen‐Irving 2011 {published data only}
    1. Faxen‐Irving G, Cederholm T. Energy dense oleic acid rich formula to newly admitted geriatric patients‐‐feasibility and effects on energy intake. Clinical Nutrition 2011;30(2):202‐8. - PubMed
Gaskill 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gaskill D, Isenring EA, Black LJ, Hassall S, Bauer JD. Maintaining nutrition in aged care residents with a train‐the‐trainer intervention and nutrition coordinator. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2009;13(10):913‐7. - PubMed
Germain 2006 {published data only}
    1. Germain I, Dufresne T, Gray‐Donald K. A novel dysphagia diet improves the nutrient intake of institutionalized elders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106(10):1614‐23. - PubMed
Hankey 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hankey CR, Summerbell J, Wynne HA. The effect of dietary supplementation in continuing‐care elderly people: nutritional, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1993;6(4):317‐22.
Hickson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Edington J, Barnes R, Bryan F, Dupree E, Frost G, Hickson M, et al. A prospective randomised controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in malnourished elderly in the community: clinical and health economic outcomes. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(2):195‐204. [PUBMED: 15030959] - PubMed
    1. Hickson M, Bulpitt C, Nunes M, Peters R, Cooke J, Nicholl C, Frost G. Does additional feeding support provided by health care assistants improve nutritional status and outcome in acutely ill older in‐patients? ‐ a randomised control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(1):69‐77. - PubMed
    1. Hickson M, Frost G. An investigation into the relationships between quality of life, nutritional status and physical function. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23:213‐21. - PubMed
    1. Hickson M, Nicholl C, Bulpitt C, Fry M, Frost G, Davies L. The design of the feeding support trial ‐ does intensive feeding support improved nutritional status and outcome in older in‐patients?. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics 1999;12:53‐59.
Holyday 2012 {published data only}
    1. Holyday M, Daniells S, Bare M, Caplan GA, Petocz P, Bolin T. Malnutrition screening and early nutrition intervention in hospitalised patients in acute aged care: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2012;16(6):562‐8. - PubMed
Johansen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Johansen N, Kondrup J, Plum LM, Bak L, Norregaard P, Bunch E, et al. Effect of nutritional support on clinical outcome in patients at nutritional risk. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(4):539‐50. - PubMed
Kraft 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kraft M, Berg N, Kraft K, Schmekel S, Gartner S, Kruger J, et al. Development of a telemedical monitoring concept for the care of malnourished geriatric home‐dwelling patients: a pilot study. Maturitas 2012;72(2):126‐31. - PubMed
Kretser 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kretser AJ, Voss T, Kerr WW, Cavadini C, Friedmann J. Effects of two models of nutritional intervention on homebound older adults at nutritional risk. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103(3):329‐36. - PubMed
Larsson 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ek AC, Unosson M, Larsson J, Schenck H, Bjurulf P. The development and healing of pressure sores related to the nutritional state. Clinical Nutrition 1991;10(5):245‐50. - PubMed
    1. Larsson J, Unosson M, Ek AC, Nilsson L, Thorslund S, Bjurulf P. Effect of dietary supplement on nutritional status and clinical outcome in 501 geriatric patients ‐ a randomised study. Clinical Nutrition 1990;9(4):179‐84. - PubMed
    1. Unosson M, Larsson J, Ek AC, Bjurulf P. Effects of dietary supplement on functional condition and clinical outcome measured with a modified Norton scale. Clinical Nutrition 1992;11(3):134‐9. - PubMed
Leslie 2012 {published data only}
    1. Leslie WS, Woodward M, Lean MEJ, Theobald H, Watson L, Hankey CR. Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy‐enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2012;26:387‐394. - PubMed
Lin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lin L‐C, Huang Y‐J, Su S‐G, Watson R, Tsai BWJ, Wu S‐C. Using spaced retrieval and Montessori‐based activities in improving eating ability for residents with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;25(10):953‐9. - PubMed
Lin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lin L‐C, Huang Y‐J, Watson R, Wu S‐C, Lee Y‐C. Using a Montessori method to increase eating ability for institutionalised residents with dementia: a crossover design. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2011;20(21):3092. - PubMed
Mathey 2001a {published data only}
    1. Mathey MFAM, Vanneste VGG, Graaf C, Groot LCPGM, Staveren WA. Health effect of improved meal ambiance in a Dutch nursing home: A 1‐year intervention study. Preventive Medicine 2001;32(5):416‐23. - PubMed
Mathey 2001b {published data only}
    1. Mathey M‐FAM, Siebelink Els, Graaf C, Staveren WA. Flavor enhancement of food improves dietary intake and nutritional status of elderly nursing home residents. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 2001;56A(4):M200‐M205. - PubMed
Munk 2014 {published data only}
    1. Munk T, Beck AM, Holst M, Rosenbom E, Rasmussen HH, Nielsen MA, et al. Positive effect of protein‐supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;27:122‐32. - PubMed
Nijs 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nijs K, Graaf C, Kok F. Effect of family style mealtimes on quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332(7551):1180‐3. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nijs KAND, Graaf C, Siebelink E, Blauw YH, Vannest V, Kok FJ, et al. Effect of family‐style meals on energy intake and risk of malnutrition in Dutch nursing home residents: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Gerontology 2006;61A(9):935‐42. - PubMed
Olofsson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Olofsson B, Stenvall M, Lundstrom M, Svensson O, Gustafson Y. Malnutrition in hip fracture patients: an intervention study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16(11):2027‐38. - PubMed
Pivi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pivi GAK, Silva RV, Juliano Y, Novo NF, Okamoto IH, Brant CQ, et al. A prospective study of nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Nutrition Journal 2011;10(1):98. - PMC - PubMed
Potter 2001 {published data only}
    1. Potter JM, Roberts MA, McColl JH, Reilly JJ. Protein energy supplements in unwell elderly patients ‐ a randomized controlled trial. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2001;25(6):323‐9. - PubMed
    1. Potter JM, Roberts MA, Reilly JJ, McColl JH. An evaluation of protein energy supplementation in medically ill admissions to a geriatric unit. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1998;3:88A.
    1. Roberts M, Potter J, McColl J, Reilly J. Can prescription of sip‐feed supplements increase energy intake in hospitalised older people with medical problems?. British Journal of Nutrition 2003;90(2):425‐9. - PubMed
Remsburg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Remsburg RE, Luking A, Bara P, Radu C, Pineda D, Bennett RG, et al. Impact of a buffet‐style dining program on weight and biochemical indicators of nutritional status in nursing home residents: a pilot study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101(12):1460‐3. - PubMed
Salva 2011 {published data only}
    1. Roqué M, Salvà A, Vellas B. Malnutrition in community‐dwelling adults with dementia (NutriAlz Trial). Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2013;17(4):295‐9. [PUBMED: 23538648] - PubMed
    1. Salva A, Andrieu S, Fernandez E, Schiffrin EJ, Moulin J, Decarli B, et al. Health and nutrition promotion program for patients with dementia (NutriAlz): cluster randomized trial. Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging 2011;15(10):822‐30. - PubMed
Silver 2008 {published data only}
    1. Silver HJ, Dietrich MS, Castellanos VH. Increased energy density of the home‐delivered lunch meal improves 24‐hour nutrient intakes in older adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(12):2084‐9. - PubMed
Simmons 2008 {published data only}
    1. Simmons SF, Keeler E, Zhuo X, Hickey KA, Sato H‐W, Schnelle JF. Prevention of unintentional weight loss in nursing home residents: a controlled trial of feeding assistance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(8):1466‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Simmons 2010 {published data only}
    1. Simmons SF, Zhuo X, Keeler E. Cost‐effectiveness of nutrition interventions in nursing home residents: a pilot intervention. Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging 2010;14(5):367‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Smoliner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Smoliner C, Norman K, Scheufele R, Hartig W, Pirlich M, Lochs H. Effects of food fortification on nutritional and functional status in frail elderly nursing home residents at risk of malnutrition. Nutrition 2008;24(11‐12):1139‐44. - PubMed
Splett 2003 {published data only}
    1. Splett PL, Roth‐Yousey LL, Vogelzang JL. Medical nutrition therapy for the prevention and treatment of unintentional weight loss in residential healthcare facilities. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103(3):352‐62. - PubMed
Taylor 2006 {published data only}
    1. Taylor KA, Barr SI. Provision of small, frequent meals does not improve energy intake of elderly residents with dysphagia who live in an extended‐care facility. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106(7):1115‐8. - PubMed
Van den Berg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Berg GH, Lindeboom R, Zwet WC. The effects of the administration of oral nutritional supplementation with medication rounds on the achievement of nutritional goals: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2015;34:15‐19. - PubMed
Van Ort 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ort S, Phillips LR. Nursing interventions to promote functional feeding. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 1995;10:6‐14. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aleman‐Mateo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Aleman‐Mateo H, Macias L, Esparza‐Romero J, Astiazaran‐Garcia H, Blancas AL. Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein‐rich food. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2012;7:225‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Allman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Allman MA, Stewart PM, Tiller DJ, Horvath JS, Duggin GG, Truswell AS. Energy supplementation and the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;51(4):558‐62. - PubMed
Arias 2008 {published data only}
    1. Arias S, Bruzzone I, Blanco V, Inchausti M, Garcia F, Casavieja G, et al. Identification and early nutritional support in hospitalized malnourished patients. Nutrición Hospitalaria 2008;23(4):348‐53. - PubMed
Asplund 2000 {published data only}
    1. Asplund K, Gustafson Y, Jacobsson C, Bucht G, Wahlin A, Peterson J, et al. Geriatric‐based versus general wards for older acute medical patients: a randomized comparison of outcomes and use of resources. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(11):1381‐8. - PubMed
Baldwin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Baldwin C, Spiro A, McGough C, Norman AR, Gillbanks A, Thomas K, et al. Simple nutritional intervention in patients with advanced cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, non‐small cell lung cancers or mesothelioma and weight loss receiving chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics 2011;24(5):431‐40. - PubMed
Banerjee 1978 {published data only}
    1. Banerjee AK, Brocklehurst JC, Wainwright H, Swindell R. Nutritional status of long‐stay geriatric in‐patients: effects of a food supplement (Complan). Age and Ageing 1978;7(4):237‐43. - PubMed
Bauer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bauer J, Capra S, Battistutta D, Davidson W, Ash S, Cancer Cachexia Study G. Compliance with nutrition prescription improves outcomes in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Clinical Nutrition 2005;24(6):998‐1004. - PubMed
Beattie 2000 {published data only}
    1. Beattie AH, Prach AT, Baxter JP, Pennington CR. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients. Gut 2000;46(6):813‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Beck 2008 {published data only}
    1. Beck AM, Damkjaer K, Beyer N. Multifaceted nutritional intervention among nursing‐home residents has a positive influence on nutrition and function. Nutrition 2008;24(11‐12):1073‐80. - PubMed
    1. Beck AM, Damkjaer K, Sorbye LW. Physical and social functional abilities seem to be maintained by a multifaceted randomized controlled nutritional intervention among old (>65 years) Danish nursing home residents. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2010;50(3):351‐5. - PubMed
    1. Beck AM, Damkjaer K, Tetens I. Lack of compliance of staff in an intervention study with focus on nutrition, exercise and oral care among old (65+ yrs) Danish nursing home residents. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2009;21(2):143‐9. - PubMed
Benati 2001 {published data only}
    1. Benati G, Delvecchio S, Cilla D, Pedone V. Impact on pressure ulcer healing of an arginine‐enriched nutritional solution in patients with severe cognitive impairment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2001;33(Supp 7):43‐7. - PubMed
Bonjour 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bonjour JP, Benoit V, Pourchaire O, Rousseau B, Souberbielle JC. Nutritional approach for inhibiting bone resorption in institutionalized elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency and high prevalence of fracture. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2011;15(5):404‐9. - PubMed
Bonjour 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bonjour JP, Benoit V, Rousseau B, Souberbielle JC. Consumption of vitamin D‐and calcium‐fortified soft white cheese lowers the biochemical marker of bone resorption TRAP 5b in postmenopausal women at moderate risk of osteoporosis fracture. Journal of Nutrition 2012;142(4):698‐703. - PubMed
Bonnefoy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bonnefoy M, Cornu C, Normand S, Boutitie F, Bugnard F, Rahmani A, et al. The effects of exercise and protein‐energy supplements on body composition and muscle function in frail elderly individuals: a long‐term controlled randomised study. British Journal of Nutrition 2003;89(5):731‐9. - PubMed
Bos 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bos C, Benamouzig R, Bruhat A, Roux C, Valensi P, Ferriere F, et al. Nutritional status after short‐term dietary supplementation in hospitalized malnourished geriatric patients. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(3):225‐33. - PubMed
Botella‐Carretero 2008 {published data only}
    1. Botella‐Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Zamarron I, Arrieta F, Vazquez C. Effects of oral nutritional supplements in normally nourished or mildly undernourished geriatric patients after surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. JPEN Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 2008;32(2):120‐8. - PubMed
Botella‐Carretero 2010 {published data only}
    1. Botella‐Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Arrieta F, Zamarron I, Vazquez C. Perioperative oral nutritional supplements in normally or mildly undernourished geriatric patients submitted to surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2010;29(5):574‐9. - PubMed
Boudville 2003 {published data only}
    1. Boudville N, Rangan A, Moody H. Oral nutritional supplementation increases caloric and protein intake in peritoneal dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;41(3):658‐63. - PubMed
Bunout 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bunout D, Aicardi V, Hirsch S, Petermann M, Kelly M, Silva G, et al. Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;43(9):615‐21. - PubMed
Bunout 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bunout B, Barrera G, Maza P, Avendano M, Gattas V, Petermann M, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength in free living elders. Results of one year follow.. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2004;8(2):68‐75. - PubMed
    1. Bunout D, Barrera G, Maza P, Avendano M, Gattas V, Petermann M, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free‐living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow‐up. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(9):2441S‐6S. - PubMed
Carlsson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carlsson M, Littbrand H, Gustafson Y, Lundin‐Olsson L, Lindelof N, Rosendahl E, et al. Effects of high‐intensity exercise and protein supplement on muscle mass in ADL dependent older people with and without malnutrition‐A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2011;15(7):554‐60. - PubMed
Carnaby 2006 {published data only}
    1. Carnaby G, Hankey GJ, Pizzi J. Behavioural intervention for dysphagia in acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2006;5(1):31‐7. - PubMed
Charlin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Charlin V, Carrasco F, Sepulveda C, Torres M, Kehr J. Nutritional supplementation according to energy and protein requirements in malnourished HIV‐infected patients. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 2002;52(3):267‐73. - PubMed
Charras 2010 {published data only}
    1. Charras K, Fremontier M. Sharing meals with institutionalized people with dementia: a natural experiment. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 2010;53(5):436‐48. - PubMed
Chernoff 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chernoff RS, Milton KY, Lipschitz DA. The effect of a very high‐protein liquid formula on decubitus ulcers healing in long‐term tube‐fed institutionalized patients. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1990;90:A–130.
Chin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chin APMJM, Jong N, Schouten EG, Hiddink GJ, Kok FJ. Physical exercise and/or enriched foods for functional improvement in frail, independently living elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(6):811‐7. - PubMed
Collins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home‐nursed elderly: a randomized trial. Nutrition 2005;21(2):147‐55. - PubMed
Dangour 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dangour AD, Albala C, Adeo C, Elbourne D, Grundy E, Walker D, et al. A factorial‐design cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the cost‐effectiveness of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study protocol. Nutrition Journal 2007;6(14):1‐15. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dangour AD, Albala C, Allen E, Grundy E, Walker DG, Aedo C, et al. Effect of a nutrition supplement and physical activity program on pneumonia and walking capacity inChilean older people: a factorial cluster randomized trial. PLoS Medicine 2011;8(4):10. - PMC - PubMed
De Jong 1999 {published data only}
    1. Jong N, Chin A Paw MJ, Graaf C, Staveren WA. Effect of dietary supplements and physical exercise on sensory perception, appetite, dietary intake and body weight in frail elderly subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;83(6):605‐13. - PubMed
    1. Jong N, Chin A Paw MJ, Groot LC, Graaf C, Kok FJ, et al. Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise. Journal of Nutrition 1999;129(11):2028‐36. - PubMed
    1. Jong N, Chin A Paw MJ, Groot LC, Hiddink GJ, Staveren WA. Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90(6):947‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Delmi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Delmi M, Rapin CH, Bengoa JM, Delmas PD, Vasey H, Bonjour JP. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990;335(8696):1013‐6. - PubMed
de Sousa 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sousa OLV, Amaral TF. Three‐week nutritional supplementation effect on long‐term nutritional status of patients with mild Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2012;26(2):119‐23. - PubMed
Dhanraj 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dhanraj P, Chacko A, Mammen M, Bharathi R. Hospital‐made diet versus commercial supplement in postburn nutritional support. Burns 1997;23(6):512‐4. - PubMed
Dillabough 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dillabough A, Mammel J, Yee J. Improving nutritional intake in post‐operative hip fracture patients: A quality improvement project. International Journal of Orthopaedic & Trauma Nursing 2011;15(4):196‐201.
Edington 2004 {published data only}
    1. Edington J, Barnes R, Bryan F, Dupree E, Frost G, Hickson M, et al. A prospective randomised controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in malnourished elderly in the community: clinical and health economic outcomes. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(2):195‐204. - PubMed
Elkort 1981 {published data only}
    1. Elkort RJ, Baker FL, Vitale JJ, Cordano A. Long‐term nutritional support as an adjunct to chemotherapy for breast cancer. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1981;5(5):385‐90. - PubMed
Endevelt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Endevelt R, Lemberger J, Bregman J, Kowen G, Berger‐Fecht I, Lander H, et al. Intensive dietary intervention by a dietitian as a case manager among community dwelling older adults: the edit study. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2011;15(8):624‐30. - PubMed
Eneroth 2004 {published data only}
    1. Eneroth M, Larsson J, Oscarsson C, Apelqvist J. Nutritional supplementation for diabetic foot ulcers: the first RCT. Journal of Wound Care 2004;13(6):230‐4. - PubMed
Espaulella 2000 {published data only}
    1. Espaulella J, Guyer H, Diaz‐Escriu F, Mellado‐Navas JA, Castells M, Pladevall M. Nutritional supplementation of elderly hip fracture patients. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2000;29(5):425‐31. - PubMed
Fiatarone 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769‐75. - PubMed
    1. Fiatarone Singh MA, Bernstein MA, Ryan AD, O'Neill EF, Clements KM, Evans WJ. The effect of oral nutritional supplements on habitual dietary quality and quantity in frail elders. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2000;4(1):5‐12. - PubMed
Forster 2005 {published data only}
    1. Forster SE, Gariballa SE, Powers HJ. Function‐enabling diet (FED) study: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of the effects of energy, protein and micronutrient supplementation of hospitalised elderly patients. Proceedings of Nutrition Society 2005;64:25A.
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S. Associations between underlying disease and nutritional status following acute illness in older people. Clinical Nutrition 2007;26(4):466‐73. - PubMed
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S. Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2007;26(5):545‐51. - PubMed
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of nutritional supplementation during acute illness. American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(8):693‐9. - PubMed
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S. D 2007, 55(12):2030‐4. Dietary supplementation and quality of life of older patients: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(12):2030‐4. - PubMed
Gall 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gall MJ, Grimble GK, Reeve NJ, Thomas SJ. Effect of providing fortified meals and between‐meal snacks on energy and protein intake of hospital patients. Clinical Nutrition 1998;17(6):259‐64. - PubMed
Gariballa 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. A randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial of nutritional supplementation after acute stroke. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;22(5):315‐9. - PubMed
Gazzotti 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gazzotti C, Arnaud‐Battandier F, Parello M, Farine S, Seidel L, Albert A, et al. Prevention of malnutrition in older people during and after hospitalisation: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Age and Ageing 2003;32(3):321‐5. - PubMed
Gegerle 1986 {published data only}
    1. Gegerle P, Bengoa JM, Delmi M, Rapin CH, Loizeau E, Vasey H. Dietary survey on the effect of an oral nutritional supplement after femoral neck fracture [Enquete alimentaire apres fracture du col du femur: effet d’un supplement dietetique sur les apports nutritonnels]. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1986;75(32):933–5. - PubMed
Gil Gregorio 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gil Gregorio P, Ramirez Diaz SP, Ribera Casado JM, Group D. Dementia and Nutrition. Intervention study in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2003;7(5):304‐8. - PubMed
Goris 2003 {published data only}
    1. Goris AH, Vermeeren MA, Wouters EF, Schols AM, Westerterp KR. Energy balance in depleted ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effect of physical activity and oral nutritional supplementation. The British Journal of Nutrition 2003;89(5):725‐31. - PubMed
Hogarth 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hogarth MB, Marshall P, Lovat LB, Palmer AJ, Frost CG, Fletcher AE, et al. Nutritional supplementation in elderly medical in‐patients: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1996;25(6):453‐7. - PubMed
Hopkinson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hopkinson JB, Fenlon DR, Okamoto I, Wright DNM, Scott I, Addington‐Hall JM, et al. The deliverability, acceptability, and perceived effect of the Macmillan approach to weight loss and eating difficulties: a phase II, cluster‐randomized, exploratory trial of a psychosocial intervention for weight‐ and eating‐related distress in people with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2010;40(5):684‐95. - PubMed
Houles 2010 {published data only}
    1. Houles M. Randomised study of a multi‐disciplinary programme focusing on geriatric syndromes in vulnerable, elderly individuals living at home (Dutch EASYcare Study). Cahiers de l'Annee Gerontologique 2010;2(3):166‐8.
Hubbard 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hubbard GP, Bolch R, Holdoway H, Beams A, Kerr A, Robertson D, et al. A randomised, controlled trial of the effects of an energy‐dense supplement on energy intake, appetite and blood lipids in malnourished community‐based elderly patients. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2008;21(4):390‐1.
Hubsch 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hubsch S, Volkert D, Oster P, Schlierf G. Effect of dietary supplementation on weight and protein status in undernourished geriatric patients. Clinical Nutrition 1992;11:97.
Huisman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Huisman EJ, Hoek B, Soest H, Nieuwkerk KM, Arends JE, Siersema PD, et al. Preventive versus "on‐demand" nutritional support during antiviral treatment for hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 2012;57(5):1069‐75. - PubMed
Isenring 2003 {published data only}
    1. Isenring E, Capra S, Bauer J, Davies PSW. The impact of nutrition support on body composition in cancer outpatients receiving radiotherapy. Acta Diabetologica 2003;40(SUPPL. 1):S162‐S4. - PubMed
Isenring 2004 {published data only}
    1. Isenring E, Capra S, Bauer J. Patient satisfaction is rated higher by radiation oncology outpatients receiving nutrition intervention compared with usual care. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2004;17(2):145‐52. - PubMed
Jahnavi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jahnavi G, Sudha CH. Randomised controlled trial of food supplements in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting. Singapore Medical Journal 2010;51(12):957‐62. - PubMed
James 2006 {published data only}
    1. James M, Stokes E, Bowling T, Smedley F, Jones P, Silk D. An economic assessment of peri‐operative oral nutritional supplements in patients undergoing elective moderate to major lower gastrointestinal surgery. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2006;65:4A.
Johnson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Johnson LE, Dooley PA, Gleick JB. Oral nutritional supplement use in elderly nursing home patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(9):947‐52. - PubMed
Keele 1997 {published data only}
    1. Keele AM, Bray MJ, Emery PW, Duncan HD, Silk DB. Two phase randomised controlled clinical trial of postoperative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients. Gut 1997;40(3):393‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Kikutani 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kikutani T, Enomoto R, Tamura F, Oyaizu K, Suzuki A, Inaba S. Effects of oral functional training for nutritional improvement in Japanese older people requiring long‐term care. Gerodontology 2006;23(2):93‐8. - PubMed
Knowles 1988 {published data only}
    1. Knowles JB, Fairbarn MS, Wiggs BJ, Chan‐Yan C, Pardy RL. Dietary supplementation and respiratory muscle performance in patients with COPD. Chest 1988;93(5):977‐83. - PubMed
Krondl 1999 {published data only}
    1. Krondl M, Coleman PH, Bradley CL, Lau D, Ryan N. Subjectively healthy elderly consuming a liquid nutrition supplement maintained body mass index and improved some nutritional parameters and perceived well‐being. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999;99(12):1542‐8. - PubMed
Kruizenga 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kruizenga HM, Seidell J, Ader HJ, Bokhorst MAE. Early screening and treatment of malnutrition in hospital reduces length of stay. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(764):04‐A‐228.
Kuhlmann 1997 {published data only}
    1. Kuhlmann MK, Schmidt F, Kohler H. Oral nutritional support in malnourished HD‐patients. Preliminary results of a randomised controlled study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1997;8(SS):A0924.
Kwok 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes?. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2001;5(1):17‐21. - PubMed
Kwok 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kwok TCY, Lam LCW, Sea MMM, Goggins W, Woo J. A randomized controlled trial of dietetic interventions to prevent cognitive decline in old age hostel residents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;66(10):1135‐40. - PubMed
Lauque 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lauque S, Arnaud‐Battandier F, Mansourian R, Guigoz Y, Paintin M, Nourhashemi F, et al. Protein‐energy oral supplementation in malnourished nursing‐home residents. A controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2000;29(1):51‐6. - PubMed
Lauque 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lauque S, Arnaud‐Battandier F, Gillette S, Plaze J‐M, Andrieu S, Cantet C, et al. Improvement of weight and fat‐free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(10):1702‐7. - PubMed
Lawson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lawson RM, Doshi MK, Ingoe LE, Colligan JM, Barton JR, Cobden I. Compliance of orthopaedic patients with postoperative oral nutritional supplementation. Clinical Nutrition 2000;19(3):171‐5. - PubMed
Le Cornu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cornu KA, McKiernan FJ, Kapadia SA, Neuberger JM. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000;69(7):1364‐9. - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee L‐C, Tsai AC, Want J‐Y, Hurng B‐S, Hsu J‐C, Tsai H‐J. Need‐based intervention is an effective strategy for improving the nutritional status of older people living in a nursing home: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013;50:1580‐8. - PubMed
Leon 2001 {published data only}
    1. Leon JB, Majerle AD, Soinski JA, Kushner I, Ohri‐Vachaspati P, Sehgal AR. Can a nutrition intervention improve albumin levels among hemodialysis patients? A pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2001;11(1):9‐15. - PubMed
Leon 2006 {published data only}
    1. Leon JB, Albert JM, Gilchrist G, Kushner I, Lerner E, Mach S, et al. Improving albumin levels among hemodialysis patients: a community‐based randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;48(1):28‐36. - PubMed
Locher 2011 {published data only}
    1. Locher JL, Bales CW, Ellis AC, Lawrence JC, Newton L, Ritchie CS, et al. A theoretically based behavioral nutrition intervention for community elders at high risk: The B‐NICE randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics 2011;30(4):384‐402. - PMC - PubMed
MacFie 2000 {published data only}
    1. MacFie J, Woodcock NP, Palmer MD, Walker A, Townsend S, Mitchell CJ. Oral dietary supplements in pre‐ and postoperative surgical patients: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 2000;16(9):723‐8. - PubMed
Mamhidir 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mamhidir A, Karlsson I, Norberg A. Weight increase in patients with dementia, and alteration in meal routines and meal environment after integrity promoting care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16(5):987‐96. - PubMed
Manders 2006 {published data only}
    1. Manders M. Nutritional care in old age: the effect of supplementation on nutritional status and performance [PhD thesis]. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2006.
    1. Manders M, Groot CPGM, Blauw YH, Dhonukshe‐Rutten RAM, Hoeckel‐Prust L, Bindels JG, et al. Effect of a nutrient‐enriched drink on dietary intake and nutritional status in institutionalised elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(10):1241‐50. - PubMed
    1. Manders M, Groot LCPGM, Hoefnagels WHL, Dhonukshe‐Rutten RAM, Wouters‐Wesseling W, Mulders AJMJ, et al. The effect of a nutrient dense drink on mental and physical function in institutionalized elderly people. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2009;13(9):760‐7. - PubMed
McEvoy 1982 {published data only}
    1. McEvoy AW, James OF. The effect of a dietary supplement (Build‐up) on nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients. Human Nutrition Applied Nutrition 1982;36(5):374‐6. - PubMed
McMurdo 2009 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo MET, Price RJG, Shields M, Potter J, Stott DJ. Should oral nutritional supplementation be given to undernourished older people upon hospital discharge? A controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(12):2239‐45. - PubMed
Moretti 2009 {published data only}
    1. Moretti HD, Johnson AM, Keeling‐Hathaway TJ. Effects of protein supplementation in chronic hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2009;19(4):298‐303. - PubMed
Navrátilová 2007 {published data only}
    1. Navrátilová M, Jarkovský J, Cešková E, Leonard B, Sobotka L. Alzheimer disease: malnutrition and nutritional support. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2007;34:S11‐S3.
Nayel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nayel H, el‐Ghoneimy E, el‐Haddad S. Impact of nutritional supplementation on treatment delay and morbidity in patients with head and neck tumors treated with irradiation. Nutrition 1992;8(1):13‐8. - PubMed
Ödlund Olin 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ödlund Olin A, Armyr I, Soop M, Jerström S, Classon I, Cederholm T, et al. Energy‐dense meals improve energy intake in elderly residents in a nursing home. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2003;22(2):125‐31. - PubMed
Olin 1996 {published data only}
    1. Olin AO, Osterberg P, Hadell K, Armyr I, Jerstrom S, Ljungqvist O. Energy‐enriched hospital food to improve energy intake in elderly patients. JPEN Journal Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 1996;20(2):93‐7. - PubMed
Otte 1989 {published data only}
    1. Otte KE, Ahlburg P, D'Amore F, Stellfeld M. Nutritional repletion in malnourished patients with emphysema. JPEN Journal Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 1989;13(2):152‐6. - PubMed
Payette 2002 {published data only}
    1. Payette H, Boutier V, Coulombe C. Efficacy of nutritional intervention in the free‐living frail elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75(2):340S.
Price 2005 {published data only}
    1. Price R, Daly F, Pennington CR, McMurdo MET. Nutritional supplementation of very old people at hospital discharge increases muscle strength: a randomised controlled trial. Gerontology 2005;51(3):179‐85. - PubMed
Rana 1992 {published data only}
    1. Rana SK, Bray J, Menzies‐Gow N, Jameson J, Payne James JJ, Frost P, et al. Short term benefits of post‐operative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients. Clinical Nutrition 1992;11(6):337‐44. - PubMed
Richeson & Neil 2004 {published data only}
    1. Richeson NE, Neil DJ. Therapeutic recreation music intervention to decrease mealtime agitation and increase food intake in older adults with dementia. American Journal of Recreation Therapy 2004;3(1):37‐41.
Roberts 2013 {published data only}
    1. Roberts HC, Pilgrim AL, Elia M, Jackson AA, Cooper C, Sayer AA, et al. Southampton Mealtime Assistance Study: design and methods. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:5. - PMC - PubMed
Robinson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Robinson S, Clump D, Weitzel T, Henderson L, Lee K, Schwartz C, et al. The Memorial Meal Mates: a program to improve nutrition in hospitalized older adults. Geriatric Nursing (New York, NY) 2002;23(6):332‐5. - PubMed
Rosendahl 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rosendahl E, Lindelof N, Littbrand H, Yifter‐Lindgren E, Lundin‐Olsson L, Haglin L, et al. High‐intensity functional exercise program and protein‐enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2006;52(2):105‐13. - PubMed
Roy 2006 {published data only}
    1. Roy MA, Payette H. Meals‐on‐wheels improves energy and nutrient intake in a frail free‐living elderly population. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2006;10(6):554‐60. - PubMed
Rypkema 2004 {published data only}
    1. Rypkema G, Adang E, Dicke H, Naber T, Swart B, Disselhorst L, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of an interdisciplinary intervention in geriatric inpatients to prevent malnutrition. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2004;8(2):122‐7. - PubMed
Saudny‐Unterberger 1997 {published data only}
    1. Saudny‐Unterberger H, Martin JG, Gray‐Donald K. Impact of nutritional support on functional status during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997;156(3 Pt 1):794‐9. - PubMed
Shinnar 1983 {published data only}
    1. Shinnar SE. Use of adaptive equipment in feeding the elderly. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1983;83(3):321‐2. - PubMed
Simmons 2004 {published data only}
    1. Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. Individualized feeding assistance care for nursing home residents: staffing requirements to implement two interventions. Journals of Gerontology ‐ Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004;59(9):966‐73. - PubMed
Smedley 2004 {published data only}
    1. Smedley F, Bowling T, James M, Stokes E, Goodger C, O'Connor O, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care. British Journal of Surgery 2004;91(8):983‐90. - PubMed
Somanchi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Somanchi M, Tao X, Mullin GE. The facilitated early enteral and dietary management effectiveness trial in hospitalized patients with malnutrition. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2011;35(2):209‐16. - PubMed
Soneff 1994 {published data only}
    1. Soneff R, McGeachy F, Davison K, McCargar L, Therien G. Effectiveness of two training methods to improve the quality of food service in small facilities for adult care. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1994;94(8):869‐73. - PubMed
Southgate 2010 {published data only}
    1. Southgate KM, Keller HH, Reimer HD. Determining knowledge and behaviour change after nutrition screening among older adults. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 2010;71(3):128‐33. - PubMed
Starke 2011 {published data only}
    1. Starke J, Schneider H, Alteheld B, Stehle P, Meier R. Short‐term individual nutritional care as part of routine clinical setting improves outcome and quality of life in malnourished medical patients. Clinical Nutrition 2011;30(2):194‐201. - PubMed
Stauffer 1986 {published data only}
    1. Stauffer JL, Carbone JE, Bendoski MT. Effects of diet supplementation on anthropometric and laboratory nutritional parameters in malnourished ambulatory patients with severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD). American Review of Respiratory Disease 1986;133:A204.
Steiner 2003 {published data only}
    1. Steiner MC, Barton RL, Singh SJ, Morgan MD. Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2003;58(9):745‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Stotts 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stotts NA, Hopf HW, Kayser‐Jones J, Chertow GM, Cooper BA, Wu H. Increased fluid intake does not augment capacity to lay down new collagen in nursing home residents at risk for pressure ulcers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2009;17(6):780‐8. - PubMed
Teixido‐Planas 2005 {published data only}
    1. Teixido‐Planas J, Ortiz A, Coronel F, Montenegro J, Lopez‐Menchero R, Ortiz R, et al. Oral protein‐energy supplements in peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2005;25(2):163‐72. - PubMed
Tkatch 1992 {published data only}
    1. Tkatch L, Rapin CH, Rizzoli R, Slosman D, Nydegger V, Vasey H, et al. Benefits of oral protein supplementation in elderly patients with fracture of the proximal femur. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1992;11(5):519‐25. - PubMed
Vetter 1992 {published data only}
    1. Vetter NJ, Lewis PA, Ford D. Can health visitors prevent fractures in elderly people?. BMJ 1992;304(6831):888‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Vlaming 2001 {published data only}
    1. Vlaming S, Biehler A, Hennessey EM, Jamieson CP, Chattophadhyay S, Obeid OA, et al. Should the food intake of patients admitted to acute hospital services be routinely supplemented? A randomized placebo controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(6):517‐26. - PubMed
Watanabe 2010 {published data only}
    1. Watanabe S, Kumagai S, Shibata H. An interventional trial to improve nutritional status in the community‐dwelling elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2010;47(5):422‐5. - PubMed
Williams 1989 {published data only}
    1. Williams CM, Driver LT, Older J, Dickerson JW. A controlled trial of sip‐feed supplements in elderly orthopaedic patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;43(4):267‐74. - PubMed
Wong 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wong SS, O'Driscoll J, Weldon M, Yau CY. Do regular oral nutritional supplements improve clinical outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection: a pilot study. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2010;69(OCE2):E174.
Woo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Woo J, Ho SC, Mak YT, Law LK, Cheung A. Nutritional status of elderly patients during recovery from chest infection and the role of nutritional supplementation assessed by a prospective randomized single‐blind trial. Age and Ageing 1994;23(1):40‐8. - PubMed
Wouters‐Wesseling 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wouters‐Wesseling W, Rozendaal M, Snijder M, Graus Y, Rimmelzwaan G, Groot L, et al. Effect of a complete nutritional supplement on antibody response to influenza vaccine in elderly people. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2002;57(9):M563‐6. - PubMed
Wright 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wright L, Hickson M, Frost G. Eating together is important: using a dining room in an acute elderly medical ward increases energy intake. Journal of Human Nutiriton & Dietetics 2006;19(1):23‐6. - PubMed
WY Lin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lin WY, Huang HY, Liu CS, Li CI, Lee SD, Lin CC, et al. A hospital‐based multidisciplinary approach improves nutritional status of the elderly living in long‐term care facilities in middle Taiwan. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2010;50 Suppl 1:S22‐6. - PubMed
Yamaguchi 1998 {published data only}
    1. Yamaguchi LY, Coulston AM, Lu NC, Dixon LB, Craig LD. Improvement in nutrient iIntake by elderly meals‐on‐wheels participants receiving a liquid nutrition supplement. Nutrition Today 1998;33(1):37.
Young 2004 {published data only}
    1. Parrott MD, Young KWH, Greenwood CE. Energy‐containing nutritional supplements can affect usual energy intake post supplementation in institutionalized seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(9):1382‐7. - PubMed
    1. Young KWH, Greenwood CE, Reekum R, Binns MA. A randomized, crossover trial of high‐carbohydrate foods in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease: associations among intervention response, body mass index, and behavioral and cognitive function.. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 2005;60(8):1039‐45. - PubMed
    1. Young KWH, Greenwood CE, Reekum R, Binns MA. Providing nutrition supplements to institutionalized seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease is least beneficial to those with low body weight status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(8):1305‐12. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Allen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Allen VJ, Methven L, Gosney M. Impact of serving method on the consumption of nutritional supplement drinks: randomized trial in older adults with cognitive impairment. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2014;70(6):1323‐33. - PubMed
Borges 2003 {published data only}
    1. Borges VC. [Repercussão Nutricional nas Doenças Neurológicas da Velhice: Alzheimer e Parkinson]. [texto na internet]. Nutrição Total SãoPaulo. Disponível em; [http://www.nutritotal.com.br] 2003.
Burns 1998 {published data only}
    1. Burns BL, Davis EMC. [Cuidado Nutricional nas Doenças do Sistema Nervoso]. In: Mahan LK, Stump SE. Alimentos, Nutrição e Dietoterapia. 9edition. São Paulo: Roca. 1998:896‐7.
Deutz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Deutz NE, Matheson EM, Matarese LE, Luo M, Baggs GE, Nelson Jl, et al. Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2016;35(1):18‐26. - PubMed
Ekinci 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ekinci O, Yanik S, Terzioglu Bebitoglu B, Yilmaz Akyuz E, Dokuyucu A, Erdem S. Effect of calcium beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (CaHMB), vitamin D, and protein supplementation on postoperative immobilization in malnourished older adult patients with hip fracture: a randomized controlled study. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2016 [Epub ahead of print]; Vol. 10. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533616629628] - DOI - PubMed
Jobse 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jobse I, Liao Y, Bartram M, Delantonio K, Uter W, Stehle P, et al. Compliance of nursing home residents with a nutrient‐ and energy‐dense oral nutritional supplement determines effects on nutritional status. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2015;19(3):356‐64. - PubMed
Lee 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee Lc, Tsai Ac, Wang Jy. Need‐based nutritional intervention is effective in improving handgrip strength and Barthel Index scores of older people living in a nursing home: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015;52(5):904‐12. - PubMed
Leslie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Leslie WS, Woodward M, Lean MEJ, Theobald H, Watson L, Hankey CR. Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy‐enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2013;26:387‐94. - PubMed
Luna‐Ramos 2016 {published data only}
    1. Luna‐Ramos GK, Pedraza‐Zarate MA, Franco‐Alvarez N, Gonzalez‐Velazquez F. Diet and polymer standard vs. standard in the nutritional status of elderly patients with fragility. Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2016;54(4):439‐45. - PubMed
Madigan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Madigan C. Benefits of dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of femur [MSc dissertation]. Sydney: University of Sydney, 1994.
Moore 2010 {published data only}
    1. Moore JR. Familiar physical activity to familiar music: The effects on apathy, agitation, eating ability, and dietary intake in institutionalised older adults with dementia [Dissertation]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2010.
Parsons 2016 {published data only}
    1. Parsons EL, Stratton RJ, Cawood AL, Smith TR, Elia M. Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clinical Nutrition 2016 [Epub ahead of print]; Vol. 11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.002] - DOI - PubMed
Pouyssegur 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pouyssegur V, Brocker P, Schneider SM, Philip JL, Barat P, Reichert E, et al. An innovative solid oral nutritional supplement to fight weight loss and anorexia: open randomised controlled trial of efficacy in institutionalised, malnourished older adults. Age and Ageing 2015;44:245‐51. - PubMed
Scorer 1990 {published data only}
    1. Scorer HJM. The effect of nutritional supplementation with Ensure on the general health of undernourished elderly patients in the community. Abbott UK Medical, 1990.
Simmons 2013 {published data only}
    1. Simmons SF, Durkin DW, Shotwell MS, Erwin S, Schnelle JF. A staff training and management intervention in VA long‐term care: impact on feeding assistance care quality. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2013;13:189‐99. - PMC - PubMed
Simmons 2015 {published data only}
    1. Simmons SF, Keeler E, An R, Liu X, Shotwell MS, Kuertz B, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of nutrition intervention in long‐term care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015; Vol. 63, issue 11:2308‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Stelten 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stelten S, Dekker IM, Ronday EM, Thijs A, Boelsma E, Peppelenbos, et al. Protein‐enriched 'regular products' and their effect on protein intake in acute hospitalized older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2015;34:409‐14. - PubMed
Stow 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stow R, Ives N, Smith C, Rick C, Rushton A. A cluster randomised feasibility trial evaluating nutritional interventions in the treatment of malnutrition in care home adult residents. Trials 2015;16:433. - PMC - PubMed
Sutton 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sutton D, Hubbard GP, Bolch R, Cawood AL, Stevens L, Bircher G, et al. Evaluation of a renal‐specific oral nutritional supplement in the management of chronic renal failure in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of Renal Care 2006;32:Abstracts: 34.
Turano 1999 {published data only}
    1. Turano W, Almeida CCC. [Educação Nutricional]. In: Gouveia ELC. Nutrição Saúde e Comunidade. 2 edition. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter 1999:57‐60.
White 1999 {published data only}
    1. White JV. In: The role of nutrition in chronic disease. Nutrition Screening Initiative. A project of American Academy of Family Physicians. The American Dietetic Association and National Council on the Ageing, USA 1997.
Zhong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhong Y, Cohen JT, Goates S, Luo M, Nelson J, Neumann PJ. The cost‐effectiveness of oral nutrition supplementation for malnourished older hospital patients. Applied Health Economics & Health Policy 2016 [Epub ahead of print]; Vol. 4. - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Agarwal 2011
    1. Agarwal E, Ferguson M, Banks M, Bauer J, Capra S, Isenring E. Nutritional status and dietary intake of acute care patients: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010. Clinical Nutrition 2012;31(1):41‐7. - PubMed
Allison 2000
    1. Allison SP. Malnutrition, disease, and outcome. Nutrition 2000;16(7‐8):590‐3. - PubMed
Avenell 2001
    1. Avenell A, Handoll HHG, Grant AM. Lessons for search strategies from a systematic review, in the Cochrane Library, of nutritional supplementation trials in patients after hip fracture. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;73(3):505‐10. - PubMed
BAPEN 2009
    1. British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN). Combatting Malnutrition: Recommendations for Action. Redditch: BAPEN, 2009.
BAPEN 2012
    1. BAPEN Quality Group. Malnutrition Matters ‐ Meeting Quality Standards in Nutritional Care: A Toolkit for Commissioners and Providers in England. Redditch , Worcestershire: BAPEN Quality Group, 2012.
Bistrian 1974
    1. Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL, Hallowell E, Heddle R. Protein status of general surgical patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 1974;230(6):858‐60. - PubMed
Butterworth 1974
    1. Butterworth CEJ. The skeleton in the hospital closet. Nutrition Today 1974;9(2):4‐8.
Chima 1997
    1. Chima CS, Barco K, Dewitt MLA, Maeda M, Teran JC, Mullen KD. Relationship of nutritional status to length of stay, hospital costs, and discharge status of patients hospitalized in the medicine service. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1997;97(9):975‐8. - PubMed
COE 2003
    1. Council of Europe (COE). Food and nutritional care in hospitals: how to prevent undernutrition. Nutrition programmes in Hospitals Group for the Committee of experts on Nutrition, Food & Safety and Consumer Health. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2003.
Cole 2012
    1. Cole D. Optimising nutrition for older people with dementia. Nursing Standard 2012;26(20):41‐8. - PubMed
Corish 2000a
    1. Corish CA, Kennedy NP. Protein‐energy undernutrition in hospital in‐patients. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;83(6):575‐91. - PubMed
Corish 2000b
    1. Corish CA, Flood P, Mulligan S, Kennedy NP. Apparent low frequency of undernutrition in Dublin hospital in‐patients: should we review the anthropometric thresholds for clinical practice?. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;84(3):325‐35. - PubMed
Deeks 2011
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
DOH 2003
    1. Department of Health (DOH). The essence of care: patient focused benchmarks for clinical governance. London, UK: Department of Health, 2003.
DOH 2007
    1. Department of Health (DOH). Improving nutrition care: a joint action plan from the Department of Health and the Nutrition Summit Stakeholders. London, UK: Department of Health, 2007.
Donini 2003
    1. Donini LM, Savina C, Cannella C. Eating habits and appetite control in the elderly: the anorexia of aging. International Psychogeriatrics 2003;15(1):73‐87. - PubMed
Edington 2000
    1. Edington J, Boorman J, Durrant ER, Perkins A, Giffin CV, James R, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition on admission to four hospitals in England. Clinical Nutrition 2000;19(3):191‐5. - PubMed
Elia 2003
    1. Elia M. The "MUST" report. Nutritional screening of adults: a multidisciplinary responsibility. Redditch, Worcs, UK: Malnutrition Advisory Group of the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2003.
Elia 2009
    1. Elia M, Russell CA. British Associaton for Parenteral, Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN). Nutrition screening survey in the UK in 2008. Hospitals, care homes and mental health units. www.bapen.org.uk (accessed 16 March 2012).
EuroQol group 1990
    1. EuroQol. EuroQol‐a new facility for the measurement of health related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16(3):199‐208. - PubMed
Gallagher 1996
    1. Gallagher Allred CR, Coble Voss A, Finn SC, McCamish MA. Malnutrition and clinical outcomes: the case for medical nutrition therapy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1996;96(4):361‐9. - PubMed
Gilson 1975
    1. Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, et al. The sickness impact profile: development of an outcome measure of healthcare. American Journal of Public Health 1975;65:1304. - PMC - PubMed
Green 2006
    1. Green S, Watson R. Nutritional screening and assessment tools for older adults: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006;54:477‐90. - PubMed
Higgins 2002
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:1539‐58. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011a
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Higgins 2011b
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011c
    1. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hill 1977
    1. Hill GL, Blackett RL, Pickford I, Burkinshaw L, Young GA, Warren JV, et al. Malnutrition in surgical patients. An unrecognised problem. Lancet 1977;1:689‐92. - PubMed
Jeejeebhoy 1986
    1. Jeejeebhoy KN. Muscle function and nutrition. Gut 1986;27(Suppl 1):25‐39. - PMC - PubMed
Jefferies 2011
    1. Jefferies D, Johnson M, Ravens J. Nurturing and nourishing: the nurses' role in nutritional care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2011;20(3‐4):317‐30. - PubMed
Jensen 2010
    1. Jensen GL, Mirtallo J, Compher C, Dhaliwal R, Forbes A, Grijalba RF, et al. Adult starvation and disease‐related malnutrition: a proposal for etiology‐based diagnosis in the clinical practice setting from the International Consensus Guideline Committee. Clinical Nutrition 2010;29(2):151‐3. - PubMed
Jones 2002
    1. Jones JM. The methodology of nutritional screening and assessment tools. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2002;15:59‐71. - PubMed
Katz 1963
    1. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged: the index of ADL, a standardised measure of biological and psychological function. JAMA 1963;185:914‐19. - PubMed
Kelly 2000
    1. Kelly IE, Tessier S, Cahill A, Morris SE, Crumley A, McLaughlin D, et al. Still hungry in hospital: identifying malnutrition in acute hospital admissions. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 2000;93(2):93‐8. - PubMed
Khan 1981
    1. Khan MA, Hackler LR. Evaluation of food selection patterns and preferences. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1981;15(2):129‐53. - PubMed
Kirkham 2010
    1. Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, et al. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2010;340:c365. - PubMed
Kubrak 2007
    1. Kubrak C, Jensen L. Critical evaluation of nutrition screening tools recommended for oncology patients. Cancer Nursing 2007;30(5):E1‐6. - PubMed
Lambert 2010
    1. Lambert MA, Potter JM, McMurdo MET. Nutritional Supplementation for older people. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 2010;20:317‐26.
Lawton 1969
    1. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist 1969;9(3):179‐86. - PubMed
Lawton 1972
    1. Lawton MP (chapter). The Dimensions of Morale (chapter). Research planning and action for the elderly. Kent D, Kastenbaum R, Sherwood S. New York: Behavioural Publications, 1972.
Lean 2008
    1. Lean M, Wiseman M. Malnutrition in hospitals. BMJ 2008;336(7639):290. - PMC - PubMed
Lennard‐Jones 1992
    1. Lennard‐Jones JE. A positive approach to nutrition as treatment: report of a working party chaired by Professor JE Lennard‐Jones on the role of enteral and parenteral feeding in hospital and at home. London: King's Fund Centre, 1992.
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate interventions: explanation and elaboration. Public Library of Science Medicine 1999;6(7):1‐28.
LPP 2009
    1. London Procurement Programme (LPP). Quality, Innovation, Productivity, Prevention (QIPP). Appropriate community oral nutritional supplementation, 2009. www.evidence.nhs.uk/qipp (accessed 16 March 2012).
Lupton 1996
    1. Lupton D. Food, the Body and the Self. London: Sage, 1996.
Mahoney 1965
    1. Mahoney FI, Bathel DW. Functional evaluation; the Barthel index. Maryland State Medical Journal 1965;14:61‐5. - PubMed
Martyn 1998
    1. Martyn CN, Winter PD, Coles SJ, Edington J. Effect of nutritional status on use of health care resources by patients with chronic disease living in the community. Clinical Nutrition 1998;17(3):119‐23. - PubMed
McCarron 2010
    1. McCarron J, Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Subjective assessment rather than systematic screening to identify malnourished patients for referral to a dietitian. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2010;69:E570.
McKenzie 2014
    1. McKenzie J, Ryan R, Tanna GL. Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group: cluster randomised controlled trials. cccrg.cochrane.org March 2014.
McMahon 2000
    1. McMahon K, Brown JK. Nutritional screening and assessment. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 2000;16:106‐12. - PubMed
McQuestion 2011
    1. McQuestion M, Fitch M, Howell D. The changed meaning of food: physical, social and emotional loss for patients having received radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2011;15(2):145‐51. - PubMed
McWhirter 1994
    1. McWhirter JP, Pennington CR. Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. BMJ 1994;308(6934):945‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Meader 2014
    1. Meader N, King K, Llewellyn A, Norman G, Brown J, Rodgers M, et al. A checklist designed to aid consistency and reproducibility of GRADE assessments: development and pilot validation. Systematic Reviews 2014;3:82. - PMC - PubMed
Milne 2009
    1. Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mueller 2011
    1. Mueller C, Compher C, Druyan ME, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors. (Clinical Guidelines) Nutrition screening, assessment and intervention in adults. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2011;35(1):16‐24. - PubMed
Naber 1997
    1. Naber TH, Schermer T, Bree A, Nusteling K, Eggink L, Kruimel JW, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in nonsurgical hospitalized patients and its association with disease complications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(5):1232‐9. - PubMed
NCCAC 2006
    1. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (NCCAC). Nutrition Support in Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parental Nutrition. NICE Clinical Guideline 32. London, UK: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care, 2006. - PubMed
Norman 2008
    1. Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Prognostic impact of disease‐related malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition 2008;27(1):5‐15. - PubMed
RCON 2008
    1. Royal College of Nursing (RCON). Enhancing Nutritional Care. London: Royal College of Nursing, 2008.
Reilly 1995
    1. Reilly HM, Martineau JK, Moran A, Kennedy H. Nutritional screening ‐ evaluation and implementation of a simple Nutrition Risk Score. Clinical Nutrition 1995;14(5):269‐73. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Russell 2007
    1. Russell CA. The impact of malnutrition on healthcare costs and economic considerations for the use of oral nutritional supplements. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2007;2(1):25‐32.
Schünemann 2011
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and ‘Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org.
Scrimshaw 2003
    1. Scrimshaw NS. Historical concepts of interactions, synergism and antagonism between nutrition and infection. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(1):316S‐21S. - PubMed
Silver 2009
    1. Silver HJ. Oral strategies to supplement older adults' dietary intakes: comparing the evidence. Nutrition Reviews 2009;67(1):21‐31. - PubMed
Sonn 1996
    1. Sonn U. Longitudinal studies of dependence in daily life activities among elderly persons. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilation Medicine Supplements 1996;34:1‐35. - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002. - PubMed
Stratton 2003
    1. Stratton RJ, Green CJ, Elia M. Disease related malnutrition: an evidence‐based approach to treatment. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2003.
Stratton 2007
    1. Stratton RJ, Elia M. A review of reviews: a new look at the evidence for oral nutritional supplements in clinical practice. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2007;2(1):5‐23.
The Malnutrition Task Force 2013
    1. The Malnutrition Task Force. Prevention and Early Intervention of Malnutrition in Later Life. Best Practice Principles and Implementation Guide: A Local Community Approach. London: The Malnutrition Task Force, 2013.
Van Campen 1998
    1. Campen C, Kerkstra A. Perceived quality of life of elderly somatic nursing‐home patients. Construction of a measuring instrument. Tijdschrift voor Gerenterologie en Geriatrie 1998;29:11‐18. - PubMed
Volkert 2006
    1. Volkert D, Berner YN, Berry E, Cederholm T, Coti Bertrand P, Milne A, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: geriatrics. Clinical Nutrition 2006;25(2):330‐60. - PubMed
Ware 1992
    1. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36 item short form health survey (SF‐36). Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 1992;30(6):473‐483. - PubMed
Weekes 1999
    1. Weekes CE. The incidence of malnutrition in medical patients admitted to a hospital in South London. Proceedings of Nutrition Society 1999;58:126A.
Weekes 2009
    1. Weekes CE, Spiro A, Baldwin C, Whelan K, Thomas JE, Parkin D, et al. A review of the evidence for the impact of improving nutritional care on nutritional and clinical outcomes and cost. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2009;22(4):324‐35. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Gibbs 2012
    1. Gibbs M, Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at‐risk adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009840] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Substances