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. 2016 Dec 21;11(12):e0168848.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168848. eCollection 2016.

Levels of Salivary Enzymes of Apolygus Lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae), From 1st Instar Nymph to Adult, and Their Potential Relation to Bug Feeding

Xiumei Tan  1 , Xiuping Xu  1 , Yong Gao  1 , Qinmin Yang  2 , Yunsheng Zhu  1 , Jiqing Wang  3 , Fanghao Wan  1   4 , Hongxu Zhou  1
Affiliations

Levels of Salivary Enzymes of Apolygus Lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae), From 1st Instar Nymph to Adult, and Their Potential Relation to Bug Feeding

Xiumei Tan et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

In recent years, Apolygus lucorum has caused increasing damage to cotton and fruit trees in China. The salivary enzymes secreted by A. lucorum when sucking on host plants induce a series of biochemical reactions in plants, and the pre-oral digestion benefits the bug feeding. In this study, the food intake of A. lucorum from 1st instar nymphs to adults was measured, and the corresponding salivary activity of pectinase, amylase, cellulase, protease, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase was determined. Daily food intake varied with developmental stage, peaking in 3rd and 4th instar nymphs. Pectinase, amylase, cellulase and protease were detected in both nymphal and adult saliva of A. lucorum, while neither polyphenol oxidase nor peroxidase was detected. Protease activity varied with food intake peaking at the 3rd-4th instar, and then slightly decreasing at the 5th instar. Levels of pectinase, amylase and cellulase increased significantly with the daily feeding level until the 3rd instar, corresponding with increasing damage to host plants. The activity of both cellulase and protease had a significant linear relationship with the average daily food intake. The increasing activity of enzymes in saliva explain stage-specific impacts of A. lucorum on the host plants, and suggest that optimal management of A. lucorum would be confined to its control threshold prior to the peak of daily feeding in the 3rd instar.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Pectinase activity from saliva of different life stages of A. lucorum when fed artificial sugar solutions between layers of parafilm.
Stages with different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Amylase activity from saliva of different life stages of A. lucorum when fed artificial sugar solutions between layers of parafilm.
Stages with different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Cellulase activity from saliva of different life stages of A. lucorum when fed artificial sugar solutions between layers of parafilm.
Stages with different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Proteinase activity from saliva of different life stages of A. lucorum when fed artificial sugar solutions between layers of parafilm.
Stages with different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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