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. 2016 Dec 23;22(1):12.
doi: 10.3390/molecules22010012.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Bactericidal Evaluation of Chitosan/Guanidine Functionalized Graphene Oxide Composites

Ping Li  1 , Yangyang Gao  2 , Zijia Sun  3 , Dan Chang  4 , Ge Gao  5 , Alideertu Dong  6
Affiliations

Synthesis, Characterization, and Bactericidal Evaluation of Chitosan/Guanidine Functionalized Graphene Oxide Composites

Ping Li et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

In response to the wide spread of microbial contamination induced by bacterial pathogens, the development of novel materials with excellent antibacterial activity is of great interest. In this study, novel antibacterial chitosan (CS) and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHGC) dual-polymer-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) (GO-CS-PHGC) composites were designed and easily fabricated. The as-prepared materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. Their antibacterial capability towards bacterial strains was also studied by incubating both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria in their presence. More significantly, the synergistic antibacterial action of the three components was assayed, and the findings implied that the as-prepared GO-CS-PHGC shows enhanced antibacterial activity when compared to its single components (GO, CS, PHGC or CS-PHGC) and the mixture of individual components. Not only Gram-negative bacteria but also Gram-positive bacteria are greatly inhibited by GO-CS-PHGC composites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of GO-CS-PHGC against E. coli was 32 μg/mL. With the powerful antibacterial activity as well as its low cost and facile preparation, GO-CS-PHGC has potential applications as a novel antibacterial agent in a wide range of biomedical uses.

Keywords: antibacterial activity; chitosan; graphene oxide; polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Synthetic route to GO-CS-PHGC.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Photographs of GO, GO-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC dispersions after standing still for 1 day and 5 days in water (at the concentration 200 μg/mL); (b) Size and size distribution of GO, GO-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC detected by DLS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR spectrum of GO, CS-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) XPS spectra of GO and GO-CS-PHGC; C 1s spectra of (b) GO and (c) GO-CS-PHGC with deconvoluted peaks; N 1s of (d) GO-CS-PHGC with deconvoluted peaks.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FE-SEM images of GO (a) and GO-CS-PHGC (b); TEM images of GO (c) and GO-CS-PHGC (d).
Figure 5
Figure 5
FE-SEM images of GO (a) and GO-CS-PHGC (b); TEM images of GO (c) and GO-CS-PHGC (d).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Raman spectra of (a) graphite, (b) GO and (c) GO-CS-PHGC.
Figure 7
Figure 7
TGA curve of GO and GO-CS-PHGC.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Reduction of bacterial colonies of (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus after the exposure to Control, GO, CS, PHGC, CS-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC composites. (The reduction = (A − B)/A; A is the number of surviving bacteria colonies on the control plate and B is that on the sample plate); (c) photographs of E. coli and S. aureus colonies grew on LB agar plates upon a 60 min exposure to Control, CS, GO, PHGC, CS-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Reduction of bacterial colonies of (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus after the exposure to Control, GO, CS, PHGC, CS-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC composites. (The reduction = (A − B)/A; A is the number of surviving bacteria colonies on the control plate and B is that on the sample plate); (c) photographs of E. coli and S. aureus colonies grew on LB agar plates upon a 60 min exposure to Control, CS, GO, PHGC, CS-PHGC and GO-CS-PHGC.
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