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. 2016 Dec 28;11(12):e0169021.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169021. eCollection 2016.

Two Genotypes of Coxsackievirus A2 Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Circulating in China since 2008

Qian Yang  1 , Yong Zhang  1 , Dongmei Yan  1 , Shuangli Zhu  1 , Dongyan Wang  1 , Tianjiao Ji  1 , Xiaolei Li  1 , Yang Song  1 , Xinrui Gu  1 , Wenbo Xu  1
Affiliations

Two Genotypes of Coxsackievirus A2 Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Circulating in China since 2008

Qian Yang et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2) has been frequently detected and commonly associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China since 2008. However, limited sequences of CV-A2 are currently available. As a result, we have been focusing on the genetic characteristics of CV-A2 in the mainland of China during 2008-2015 based on national HFMD surveillance. In this study, 20 CV-A2 strains were isolated and phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 sequences were performed. Full-length genome sequences of two representative CV-A2 isolates were acquired and similarity plot and bootscanning analyses were performed. The phylogenetic dendrogram indicated that all CV-A2 strains could be divided into four genotypes (Genotypes A-D). The CV-A2 prototype strain (Fleetwood) was the sole member of genotype A. From 2008 to 2015, the CV-A2 strains isolated in China dispersed into two different genotypes (B and D). And the genotype D became the dominant circulating strains in China. Strains isolated in Russia and India from 2005 to 2011 converged into genotype C. Intertypic recombination occurred between the Chinese CV-A2 strains and other enterovirus-A donor sequences. This result reconfirmed that recombination is a common phenomenon among enteroviruses. This study helps expand the numbers of whole virus genome sequence and entire VP1 sequence of CV-A2 in the GenBank database for further researcher.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Phylogenetic analyses of the twenty CV-A2 strains and reference strains from GenBank using the 885-bp VP1 region sequence.
The strains indicated by blue circle are the CV-A2 strains isolated in this study; the strain indicated by a red circle is the prototype CV-A2 strain.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Phylogenetic relationships based on the P1, P2, P3 genome regions among Chinese strains and other EV-A strains.
The phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequence for the P1 (a), P2 (b) and P3 (c) coding sequences were constructed from nucleotide sequence alignment using the neighbor-joining algorithm of MEGA 5.0 software. The numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap support for that node (percent of 1000 pseudoreplicates). The scale bars represent the genetic distance, and all tree have the same scale.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Similarity plot and bootsacnning analyses of the whole genome of the BJ13-53 strain and EV-A strains.
(a) Similarity plot and (b) bootscanning analysis. The BJ13-53 strain was used as the query sequence.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Similarity plot and bootsacnning analyses of the whole genome of the HeN13-6 strain and EV-A strains.
(a) Similarity plot and (b) bootscanning analysis. The HeN13-6 strain was used as the query sequence.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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