Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies

Mia M Gaudet¹, Brian D Carter¹, Louise A Brinton², Roni T Falk², Inger T Gram³, Juhua Luo⁴, Roger L Milne⁵, Sarah J Nyante^{2

6}, Elisabete Weiderpass^{3

7

8

9}, Laura E Beane Freeman², Dale P Sandler¹⁰, Kim Robien¹¹, Kristin E Anderson¹², Graham G Giles⁵, Wendy Y Chen^{13

14}, Diane Feskanich¹³, Tonje Braaten³, Claudine Isaacs^{15

16}, Lesley M Butler¹⁷, Woon-Puay Koh¹⁸, Alicja Wolk¹⁹, Hans-Olov Adami^{7

20}, Emily White^{21

22}, Karen L Margolis²³, Michael J Thun¹, Susan M Gapstur¹

Affiliations

¹ Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
² Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
⁵ Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶ Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
⁹ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰ Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹² School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹⁶ Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹⁷ University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
¹⁸ Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁹ Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Community, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²² Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

PMID: 28031315
PMCID: PMC5837778
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw288

Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies

Mia M Gaudet et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2017.

. 2017 Jun 1;46(3):881-893.

doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw288.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
² Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
⁵ Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶ Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
⁹ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰ Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹² School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹⁶ Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
¹⁷ University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
¹⁸ Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁹ Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Community, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²² Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

PMID: 28031315
PMCID: PMC5837778
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw288

Abstract

Background: The 2014 US Surgeon General's report noted research gaps necessary to determine a causal relationship between active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk, including the role of alcohol consumption, timing of exposure, modification by menopausal status and heterogeneity by oestrogen receptor (ER) status.

Methods: To address these issues, we pooled data from 14 cohort studies contributing 934 681 participants (36 060 invasive breast cancer cases). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Smoking duration before first birth was positively associated with risk ( P -value for trend = 2 × 10 -7 ) with the highest HR for initiation >10 years before first birth (HR = 1.18, CI 1.12-1.24). Effect modification by current alcohol consumption was evident for the association with smoking duration before first birth ( P -value=2×10 -4 ); compared with never-smoking non-drinkers, initiation >10 years before first birth was associated with risk in every category of alcohol intake, including non-drinkers (HR = 1.15, CI 1.04-1.28) and those who consumed at least three drinks per day (1.85, 1.55-2.21). Associations with smoking before first birth were limited to risk of ER+ breast cancer ( P -value for homogeneity=3×10 -3 ). Other smoking timing and duration characteristics were associated with risk even after controlling for alcohol, but were not associated with risk in non-drinkers. Effect modification by menopause was not evident.

Conclusions: Smoking, particularly if initiated before first birth, was modestly associated with ER+ breast cancer risk that was not confounded by amount of adult alcohol intake. Possible links with breast cancer provide additional motivation for young women to not initiate smoking.

Keywords: alcohol; breast cancer; tobacco smoking.

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References

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2004.
1. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.
1. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and breast cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002;39:119–26. - PubMed
1. Petrakis NL, Gruenke LD, Beelen TC. et al. Nicotine in breast fluid of nonlactating women. Science 1978;199:303–5. - PubMed
1. Petrakis NL, Maack CA, Lee RE. et al. Mutagenic activity in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. Cancer Res 1980;40:188–9. - PubMed

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Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies

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Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies

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