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Review
. 2016 Dec 29;18(1):62.
doi: 10.3390/ijms18010062.

Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment

Tong-Hong Wang  1   2   3   4 , Shih-Min Hsia  5   6 , Tzong-Ming Shieh  7
Affiliations
Review

Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment

Tong-Hong Wang et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of oxidases contains a group of extracellular copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen and elastin by oxidation, thus maintaining the rigidity and structural stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant expression or activation of LOX alters the cellular microenvironment, leading to many diseases, including atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. Recently, a number of studies have shown that LOX is overexpressed in most cancers and that it is involved in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, a few reports have also indicated the tumor-suppressing role of LOX. In this short review, we discuss recent research on the correlations between LOX and cancer. Further, the role of LOX in tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumorigenesis, and metastasis and the underlying mechanisms have also been elucidated.

Keywords: lysyl oxidase; metastasis; microenvironment; tumor progression; tumor suppressor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Regulation and signaling of LOX in the tumor microenvironment. LOX was regulated by cytokines and growth factors, dietary, transcription regulators, and microRNAs. The up arrows, up-regulations; the down arrows, down-regulations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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