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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Jan 6;1(1):CD007906.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007906.pub3.

Intensive case management for severe mental illness

Marina Dieterich  1 , Claire B Irving  2 , Hanna Bergman  3 , Mariam A Khokhar  4 , Bert Park  5 , Max Marshall  6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Intensive case management for severe mental illness

Marina Dieterich et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Intensive Case Management (ICM) is a community-based package of care aiming to provide long-term care for severely mentally ill people who do not require immediate admission. Intensive Case Management evolved from two original community models of care, Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and Case Management (CM), where ICM emphasises the importance of small caseload (fewer than 20) and high-intensity input.

Objectives: To assess the effects of ICM as a means of caring for severely mentally ill people in the community in comparison with non-ICM (caseload greater than 20) and with standard community care. We did not distinguish between models of ICM. In addition, to assess whether the effect of ICM on hospitalisation (mean number of days per month in hospital) is influenced by the intervention's fidelity to the ACT model and by the rate of hospital use in the setting where the trial was conducted (baseline level of hospital use).

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (last update search 10 April 2015).

Selection criteria: All relevant randomised clinical trials focusing on people with severe mental illness, aged 18 to 65 years and treated in the community care setting, where ICM is compared to non-ICM or standard care.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently selected trials, assessed quality, and extracted data. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we estimated mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed a random-effects model for analyses.We performed a random-effects meta-regression analysis to examine the association of the intervention's fidelity to the ACT model and the rate of hospital use in the setting where the trial was conducted with the treatment effect. We assessed overall quality for clinically important outcomes using the GRADE approach and investigated possible risk of bias within included trials.

Main results: The 2016 update included two more studies (n = 196) and more publications with additional data for four already included studies. The updated review therefore includes 7524 participants from 40 randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We found data relevant to two comparisons: ICM versus standard care, and ICM versus non-ICM. The majority of studies had a high risk of selective reporting. No studies provided data for relapse or important improvement in mental state.1. ICM versus standard careWhen ICM was compared with standard care for the outcome service use, ICM slightly reduced the number of days in hospital per month (n = 3595, 24 RCTs, MD -0.86, 95% CI -1.37 to -0.34,low-quality evidence). Similarly, for the outcome global state, ICM reduced the number of people leaving the trial early (n = 1798, 13 RCTs, RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.79, low-quality evidence). For the outcome adverse events, the evidence showed that ICM may make little or no difference in reducing death by suicide (n = 1456, 9 RCTs, RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.51, low-quality evidence). In addition, for the outcome social functioning, there was uncertainty about the effect of ICM on unemployment due to very low-quality evidence (n = 1129, 4 RCTs, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.0, very low-quality evidence).2. ICM versus non-ICMWhen ICM was compared with non-ICM for the outcome service use, there was moderate-quality evidence that ICM probably makes little or no difference in the average number of days in hospital per month (n = 2220, 21 RCTs, MD -0.08, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.21, moderate-quality evidence) or in the average number of admissions (n = 678, 1 RCT, MD -0.18, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.05, moderate-quality evidence) compared to non-ICM. Similarly, the results showed that ICM may reduce the number of participants leaving the intervention early (n = 1970, 7 RCTs, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.95,low-quality evidence) and that ICM may make little or no difference in reducing death by suicide (n = 1152, 3 RCTs, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.27 to 2.84, low-quality evidence). Finally, for the outcome social functioning, there was uncertainty about the effect of ICM on unemployment as compared to non-ICM (n = 73, 1 RCT, RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.74, very low-quality evidence).3. Fidelity to ACTWithin the meta-regression we found that i.) the more ICM is adherent to the ACT model, the better it is at decreasing time in hospital ('organisation fidelity' variable coefficient -0.36, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.07); and ii.) the higher the baseline hospital use in the population, the better ICM is at decreasing time in hospital ('baseline hospital use' variable coefficient -0.20, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.10). Combining both these variables within the model, 'organisation fidelity' is no longer significant, but the 'baseline hospital use' result still significantly influences time in hospital (regression coefficient -0.18, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.07, P = 0.0027).

Authors' conclusions: Based on very low- to moderate-quality evidence, ICM is effective in ameliorating many outcomes relevant to people with severe mental illness. Compared to standard care, ICM may reduce hospitalisation and increase retention in care. It also globally improved social functioning, although ICM's effect on mental state and quality of life remains unclear. Intensive Case Management is at least valuable to people with severe mental illnesses in the subgroup of those with a high level of hospitalisation (about four days per month in past two years). Intensive Case Management models with high fidelity to the original team organisation of ACT model were more effective at reducing time in hospital.However, it is unclear what overall gain ICM provides on top of a less formal non-ICM approach.We do not think that more trials comparing current ICM with standard care or non-ICM are justified, however we currently know of no review comparing non-ICM with standard care, and this should be undertaken.

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Conflict of interest statement

Marina Dieterich: none known. Claire Irving: none known. Hanna Bergman: none known. Mariam Khokhar: none known. Bert Park: none known. Max Marshall: was involved in one included study and has written extensively in this area.

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
2
2
Study flow diagram 2015 update
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, outcome: 1.1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ at about 24 months.
4
4
Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ at about 24 months ‐ restoring homogeneity ‐ 4 studies removed from analysis.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, outcome: 1.1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months.
6
6
Meta‐regression: Scatterplot of IFACT organisation subscore versus mean days per month in hospital.
7
7
Meta‐regression: Scatterplot of mean baseline days in hospital versus mean days per month in hospital.
8
8
Weighted thin plate spline regression showing combined effect of baseline days in hospital and organisational fidelity score on treatment effect.
9
9
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, outcome: 1.2 Service use: 2. Not remaining in contact with psychiatric services by short, medium, long term and overall.
10
10
Forest plot of comparison: 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, outcome: 2.1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ at about 24 months.
11
11
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, outcome: 2.1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 2 Service use: 1a. Number of days in hospital ‐ by follow ‐up (skewed data, sample size ≧ 200).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 3 Service use: 2. Not remaining in contact with psychiatric services.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 4 Service use: 3a. Admitted to hospital.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 6 Service use: 4a. Admitted to ER ‐ by long term.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 8 Service use: 5a. Received day hospital care ‐ by short term FUP.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 9 Service use: 5b. Outpatient visits ‐ by short term FUP (6 months).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 11 Service use: 5d. Received home visits ‐ by short term FUP.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 12 Adverse event: 1a. Death ‐ any cause.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 13 Adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 14 Global state: 1. Leaving the study early.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 15 Global state: 2. Average endpoint score (GAF, high = good).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 16 Global state: 3. Not compliant with medication ‐ by long term.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 17 Social functioning: 1a. Contact with legal system (various measurements).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 19 Social functioning: 2. Employment status (various measurements).
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 20 Social functioning: 3a. Accommodation status (various measurements).
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 21 Social functioning: 3b. Accomodation status: mean number of days in supported house (skewed data, sample size ≧ 200).
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 23 Social functioning: 4a. Substance abuse.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 26 Social functioning: 5a. Average endpoint score (various scales).
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 28 Mental state: 1a. General symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (various scales).
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 29 Mental state: 1b. General symptoms ‐ mean change from baseline (CSI, low = poor ) ‐ by long term.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 31 Mental state: 2a. Specific symptoms ‐ depression at follow up interview.
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 32 Mental state: 2b. Specific symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (various scales, skewed data, sample size ≧ 200).
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 34 Behaviour: 1. Specific behaviour ‐ self‐harm.
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 36 Quality of life: 1a. Average endpoint score (various scales).
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 38 Participant satisfaction: 1a. Average endpoint score (CSQ, high = better).
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 41 Costs: 1a. Direct costs of psychiatric hospital care ‐ by medium term (Unit cost = USD, fiscal year 1990).
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Intensive Case Management versus standard care, Outcome 43 Costs: 2a. Direct healthcare costs ‐ by long term (Unit cost = USD, fiscal year 1988).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 1 Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 2 Service use: 1a. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by medium/long term follow up (skewed data, sample size ≧ 200).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 3 Service use: 2. Not remaining in contact with psychiatric services.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 4 Service use: 3a. Admitted to hospital ‐ by long term.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 5 Service use: 3b. Average number of admissions (skewed data ‐sample size ≧ 200).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 7 Adverse event: 1a. Death ‐ any cause.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 8 Adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 9 Global state: 1. Leaving the study early.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 10 Global state: 2a. Average endpoint score (HoNOS, high = poor) ‐ by long term.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 12 Global state: 3a. Not compliant with medication ‐ by medium term.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 13 Global state: 3b. Compliance with medication ‐ average endpoint sub‐scale score (ROMI) ‐ by long term.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 15 Social functioning: 1. Contact with legal system (various measurements).
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 16 Social functioning 2. Employment status (various measurements).
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 17 Social functioning: 3a. Accommodation status (various measurements).
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 18 Social functioning: 3b. Accommodation status ‐ average days per month in stable accommodation.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 19 Social functioning: 4a. Substance abuse ‐ by long term.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 20 Social functioning: 4b. Substance abuse ‐ average endpoint score (SATS, low = poor).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 22 Social functioning: 5a. Average endpoint score (LSP, high = poor) ‐ by long term.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 24 Mental state: 1a. General symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (various scales).
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 26 Mental state: 2a. Specific symptoms: negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SANS, high = poor) ‐ by long term.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 28 Behaviour: 1. Specific behaviour (various measurements).
2.29
2.29. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 29 Quality of life: 1. Average endpoint score (various scales).
2.30
2.30. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 30 Participant satisfaction/need: 1. Average endpoint scores (various scale) ‐ by long term.
2.34
2.34. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 34 Costs: 2a. Direct costs of all care ‐ by long term (2 years). Unit cost GBP, fiscal year 1997/98.
2.36
2.36. Analysis
Comparison 2 Intensive Case Management versus non‐Intensive Case Management, Outcome 36 Costs: 3. Total costs of care per patient ‐ Unit cost GBP.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Aberg‐Wistedt‐Sweden 1995 {published data only}
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Bjorkman‐Sweden 2002 {published and unpublished data}
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Bond‐Indiana1 (A) {published data only}
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Bond‐Indiana1 (B) {published data only}
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Bond‐Indiana1 (C) {published data only}
    1. See above Bond‐Indiana1.
Bond‐Indiana1 1988 {published data only}
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Bush‐Georgia 1990 {published data only}
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Chandler‐California1 (A) {published data only}
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Chandler‐California1 (B) {published data only}
    1. See Chandler‐California 1991.
Chandler‐California1 1991 {published data only}
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Chan‐Hong Kong 2000 {published data only}
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Curtis‐New York 1992 {published data only}
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Cusack‐North Carolina {published data only}
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Drake‐NHamp (A) {published data only}
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Drake‐NHamp (B) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp (C) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp (D) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp (E) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp (F) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp (G) {published data only}
    1. See above Drake‐NHamp.
Drake‐NHamp 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Clark RE, Teague GB, Ricketts SK, Bush PW, Xie H, McGuire TG, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of assertive community treatment versus standard case management for persons with co‐occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Health Services Research 1998;33(5):1285‐308. - PMC - PubMed
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Essock‐Connecticut1 1995 {published and unpublished data}
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Ford‐UK 1995 {published data only}
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Hampton‐Illinois (A) {published data only}
    1. See above Hampton‐Illinois.
Hampton‐Illinois (B) {published data only}
    1. See above Hampton‐Illinois.
Hampton‐Illinois 1992 {published data only}
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Harrison‐Read‐UK 2000 {published data only}
    1. Harrison‐Read P. A randomised controlled trial of short term intensive community case management of severe mental illness: an assessment of its benefit to 'heavy users' of hospital services and cost effectiveness. National Research Register 2000.
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Herinckx‐Oregon 1996 {published data only}
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Holloway‐UK 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cullen D, Waite A, Oliver N, Carson J, Holloway F. Case management for the mentally ill: a comparative evaluation of client satisfaction. Health and Social Care in the Community 1997;5:106‐15.
    1. Holloway F. Further information on ICM study [personal communication]. Email to: M Dieterich 15 April 2009.
    1. Holloway F, Carson J. Intensive case management for the severely mentally ill. Controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172:19‐22. [PUBMED: 9534826] - PubMed
    1. Holloway F, Carson J. Intensive case management: does it work?. Eighth Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists; 1996 Jul 7‐12; London, UK. 1996.
    1. Holloway F, Carson J. Subjective quality of life, psychopathology, satisfaction with care and insight: an exploratory study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 1999;45(4):259‐67. [PUBMED: 10689609] - PubMed
Jerrell‐SCarolina1 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hu T, Jerrell J. Cost‐effectiveness of alternative approaches in treating severely mentally ill in California. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991;17(3):461‐8. [PUBMED: 1947870] - PubMed
    1. Hu TW, Jerrell JM. Estimating the cost impact of three case management programmes for treating people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;173(36):26‐32. [PUBMED: 9829008] - PubMed
    1. Jerrell JM. Toward managed care for persons with severe mental illness: implications from a cost‐effectiveness study. Health Affairs 1995;14:197‐207. [PUBMED: 7498892] - PubMed
    1. Schmidt‐Posner J, Jerrell JM. Qualitative analysis of three case management programmes. Community Mental Health Journal 1998;34(4):381‐92. - PubMed
Johnston‐Australia 1998 {published data only}
    1. Issakidis C, Sanderson K, Teesson M, Johnston S, Buhrich N. Intensive case management in Australia: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999;99:360‐7. [PUBMED: 10353452] - PubMed
    1. Johnston S, Salkeld G, Sanderson K, Issakidis C, Teesson M, Buhrich N. Intensive case management: a cost effectiveness analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1998;32(4):551‐9. [PUBMED: 9711370] - PubMed
Lehman‐Maryland1 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dixon L, Bruce D, Eimer K, Anthony F. Outcomes of homeless persons with mental illness and substance use disorders. 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1996 May 4‐9, New York (NY). 1996.
    1. Dixon L, Kernan E, Krauss N, Lehman A, Deforge BR. Assertive community treatment for homeless adults with severe mental illness in Baltimore. In: Breakey WR, Thompson JW editor(s). Mentally Ill and Homeless: Special Programs for Special Needs. Chronic Mental Illness. Harwood Academic, 1997.
    1. Dixon L, Krauss N, Myers P, Lehman A. Clinical and treatment correlates of access to section 8 certificates for homeless mentally ill persons. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1994;45(12):1196‐200. - PubMed
    1. Dixon L, Weiden P, Torres M, Lehman A. Assertive community treatment and medication compliance in the homeless mentally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(9):1302‐4. - PubMed
    1. Hackman AL. Assertive community treatment with homeless individuals. 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17‐22; San Francisco. 2003.
Macias‐Utah 1994 {published data only}
    1. Macias C, Kinney R, Farley OW, Jackson R, Vos B. The role of case management within a community support system: partnership with psychosocial rehabilitation. Community Mental Health Journal 1994;30(4):323‐39. [PUBMED: 7956109] - PubMed
Marshall‐UK 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gray AM, Marshall M, Lockwood A, Morris J. Problems in conducting economic evaluations alongside clinical trials. Lessons from a study of case management for people with mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;170:47‐52. [PUBMED: 9068775] - PubMed
    1. Marshall M, Gray A, Lockwood A, Green R. Case management for people with severe mental disorders . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000050] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Gath D. Social services case‐management for long term mental disorders: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1995;345(8947):409‐12. [PUBMED: 7853949] - PubMed
McDonel‐Indiana (A) {published data only}
    1. See above McDonel‐Indiana.
McDonel‐Indiana (B) {published data only}
    1. See above McDonel‐Indiana.
McDonel‐Indiana 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fekete DM, Bond GR, McDonel EC, Salyers M, Chen A, Miller L. Rural assertive community treatment: a field experiment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 1998;21(4):371‐9.
    1. McDonel EC, Bond GR, Salyers M, Fekete D, Chen A, McGrew JH, et al. Implementing assertive community treatment programmes in rural settings. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 1997;25(2):153‐73. - PubMed
Morse‐Missouri1 1992 {published data only}
    1. Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Allen G, Tempelhoff B, Smith R. Experimental comparison of the effects of three treatment programmes for homeless mentally ill people. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1992;43(10):1005‐9. - PubMed
Morse‐Missouri3 2005 {published data only}
    1. Calsyn RJ, Yonker RD, Lemming MR, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD. Impact of assertive community treatment and client characteristics on criminal justice outcomes in dual disorder homeless individuals. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2005;15(4):236‐48. [PUBMED: 16575844] - PubMed
    1. Fletcher TD, Cunningham JL, Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD. Evaluation of treatment programmes for dual disorder individuals: modelling longitudinal and mediation effects. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 2008;35(4):319‐36. [PUBMED: 18506618] - PubMed
    1. Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Dean Klinkenberg W, Helminiak TW, Wolff N, Drake RE, et al. Treating homeless clients with severe mental illness and substance use disorders: costs and outcomes. Community Mental Health Journal 2006;42(4):377‐404. [PUBMED: 16897413] - PubMed
    1. Morse GA, Calsyn RJ, Klinkenberg WD, Cunningham J, Lemming MR. Integrated treatment for homeless clients with dual disorders: a quasi‐experimental evaluation. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 2008;4(3):219‐37.
Muijen‐UK2 1994 {published data only}
    1. McCrone P, Beecham J, Knapp M. Community psychiatric nurse teams: cost‐effectiveness of intensive support versus generic care. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;164(2):218‐21. - PubMed
    1. Muijen M, Cooney M, Strathdee G, Bell R, Hudson A. Community psychiatric nurse teams: intensive support versus generic care. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;165:211‐7. - PubMed
Muller‐Clemm‐Canada 1996 {published data only}
    1. Muller‐Clemm WJ. Halting the 'Revolving Door' of Serious Mental Illness: Evaluating an assertive case management programme (deinstitutionalization, community mental health). University of Victoria, Canada, 1996.
Okpaku‐Tennessee 1997 {published data only}
    1. Okpaku SO, Anderson KH, Sibulkin AE, Butler JS, Bickman L. The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary case management intervention on the employment of SSDI applicants and beneficiaries. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 1997;20:34‐41.
OPUS‐Denmark 1999 {published data only}
    1. Austin S, Seche R, Hagen R, Mors O, Nordentoft M. Remission, metacognitive processes and quality of life‐outcomes from opus trial. A 10 year follow‐up of a randomized multi‐center trial of intensive early intervention vs. standard treatment for patients with first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011;1:258.
    1. Bertelsen M. Randomized controlled trial of two‐years integrated treatment versus standard treatment of patients with first‐episode of schizophrenia or psychosis, five years follow‐up. The opus trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005;31:519‐20.
    1. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, Quach P, et al. Course of illness in a sample of 265 patients with first‐episode psychosis ‐ five‐year follow‐up of the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophrenia Research 2009;107(2‐3):173‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, Quach P, et al. First episode of psychosis intensive early intervention programme versus standard treatment ‐ secondary publication. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2009;171(41):2992‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, Quach P, et al. Five‐year follow‐up of a randomized multi‐centre trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008;65(7):762‐71. [PUBMED: 18606949] - PubMed
Pique‐California 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pique T. Cost‐Effectiveness of an African‐American Focus Assertive Community Treatment Programme. Alameda: California School of Professional Psychology, 1999.
Quinlivan‐California 1995 {published data only}
    1. Quinlivan R, Hough R, Crowell A, Beach C, Hofstetter R, Kenworthy K. Service utilization and costs of care for severely mentally ill clients in an Intensive Case Management programme. Psychiatric Services 1995;46:365‐71. - PubMed
REACT‐UK 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Killaspy H. Further information on REACT study for Cochrane Systematic Review [personal communication]. Email to: M Dieterich 8 June 2009.
    1. Killaspy H, Bebbington P, Blizard R, Johnson S, Nolan F, Pilling S, et al. The REACT study: randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment in north London. BMJ 2006;332(7545):815‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Killaspy H, Kingett S, Bebbington P, Blizard R, Johnson S, Nolan F, et al. Randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment: 3‐year outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009;195(1):81‐2. - PubMed
    1. Killaspy H, Mas‐Exposito L, Marston L, King M. Ten year outcomes of participants in the REACT (Randomised Evaluation of Assertive Community Treatment in North London) study. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:296. [PUBMED: 25342641] - PMC - PubMed
    1. King M. Effectiveness of assertive outreach ‐ a randomised controlled trial. National Research Register 2002; Vol. 1.
Rosenheck‐USA 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rosenheck R. Intersite variation in the impact of intensive psychiatric community care on hospital use: a research network to evaluate assertive community treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1998;68(2):191‐200. - PubMed
    1. Rosenheck R, Neale M, Gallup P. Community‐oriented mental health care: assessing diversity in clinical practice. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1993;16:39‐50.
    1. Rosenheck R, Neale M, Leaf P, Milstein R, Frisman L. Multisite experimental cost study of intensive psychiatric community care. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1995;21:129‐40. - PubMed
    1. Rosenheck RA, Neale MS. Cost‐effectiveness of intensive psychiatric community care for high users of in‐patient services. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998;55(5):459‐66. - PubMed
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS (A) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS (B) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS (D) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS (F) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐GMS (I) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐NP {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐NP (C) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐NP (E) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐NP (G) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Rosenheck‐USA‐NP (H) {published data only}
    1. See above Rosenheck‐USA.
Salkever‐SCarolina 1999 {published data only}
    1. Salkever D, Domino ME, Burns BJ, Santos AB, Deci PA, Dias J, et al. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental illness: the effect on hospital use and costs. Health Services Research 1999;34(2):577‐601. [PUBMED: 10357291] - PMC - PubMed
Shern‐USA1 2000 {published data only}
    1. Shern DL, Tsemberis S, Anthony W, Lovell AM, Richmond L, Felton CJ, et al. Serving street‐dwelling individuals with psychiatric disabilities: Outcomes of a psychiatric rehabilitation clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90(12):1873‐8. [PUBMED: 11111259] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tsemberis SJ, Moran L, Shinn M, Asmussen SM, Shern DL. Consumer preference programmes for individuals who are homeless and have psychiatric disabilities: a drop‐in center and a supported housing programme. American Journal of Community Psychology 2003;32(3‐4):305‐17. [PUBMED: 14703266] - PubMed
Solomon‐Pennsylvania 1994 {published data only}
    1. Draine JN. Case Management for Homeless Mentally Ill Adult Offenders: a Re‐Examination of Random Field Trial Data. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1995.
    1. Solomon P, Draine J. Issues in serving the forensic client. Social Work 1995;40(1):25‐33. - PubMed
    1. Solomon P, Draine J. Jail recidivism in a forensic case management programme. Health and Social Work 1995;20(3):167‐73. - PubMed
    1. Solomon P, Draine J. One‐year outcomes of a randomized trial of case management with seriously mentally ill clients leaving jail. Evaluation Review 1995;19(3):256‐73.
    1. Solomon P, Draine J, Meyerson A. Jail recidivism and receipt of community mental health services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1994;45(8):793‐7. [PUBMED: 7982695] - PubMed
Sytema‐Netherlands 1999 {published data only}
    1. Burns T. The UK700 study: impact of case load size in case management. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1999;12:302.
    1. Byford S, Fiander M, Torgerson DJ, Burns T, Horn E, Gilvarry C, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of intensive v. standard case management for severe psychotic illness ‐ UK700 case management trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;176:537‐43. - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN11281756. Effectiveness of assertive community treatment versus care‐as‐usual for patients with severe and persistent psychiatric disorders. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11281756 (first received 20 December 2005).
    1. Samele C, Gilvarry C, Walsh E, Manley C, Os J, Murray R. Patients' perceptions of intensive case management. Psychiatric Services 2002;53(11):1432‐7. - PubMed
    1. Samele C, Walsh E, Gilvarry C, Manley C, Tattan T, Fahy T, et al. Non‐alcohol substance misuse, outcome and intensive case management. European Psychiatry 2002;17(Suppl 1):216s.
Test‐Wisconsin 1985 {published data only}
    1. Angell B, Test MA. The relationship of clinical factors and environmental opportunities to social functioning in young adults with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2002;28(2):259‐71. - PubMed
    1. Cohen LJ, Test MA, Brown RL. Suicide and schizophrenia: data from a prospective community treatment study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147:602‐7. [PUBMED: 2327487] - PubMed
    1. Test MA, Knoedler W, Allness D, Burke S, Brown R, Wallisch L. Community care of schizophrenia: two year findings. 142nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1989 May 6‐11; San Francisco. 1989.
    1. Test MA, Knoedler WH, Allness DJ, Burke SS. Characteristics of young adults with schizophrenic disorders treated in the community. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1985;36(8):853‐8. [PUBMED: 4029910] - PubMed
    1. Test MA, Knoedler WH, Allness DJ, Burke SS, Brown RL, Wallisch LS. Long‐term community care through an assertive continuous treatment team. Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology 1991;1:239‐46.
UK700‐UK (A) {published data only}
    1. See above UK700‐UK.
UK700‐UK (B) {published data only}
    1. See below UK700‐UK.
UK700‐UK (C) {published data only}
    1. See below UK700‐UK.
UK700‐UK (D) {published data only}
    1. See below UK700‐UK.
UK700‐UK 1999 {published data only}
    1. Austwick C. The design and analysis of randomised trials in health services research, with particular reference to the UK case management trial of psychotic patients. National Research Register 2003.
    1. Burns T. Erratum: Intensive versus standard case management for severe psychotic illness: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354(9184):1128. - PubMed
    1. Burns T. Predictors of outcome at 4 years of psychotic patients treated in two forms of case management. National Research Register 2000.
    1. Burns T. Random controlled trial of Intensive Case Management for people with severe mental illness. National Research Register 2001; Vol. 1.
    1. Burns T, Creed F, Fahy T, Thompson S, Tyrer P, White I. Intensive versus standard case management for severe psychotic illness: a randomised trial. UK 700 Group. Lancet 1999;353(9171):2185‐9. [PUBMED: 10392982] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Agius‐Croatia 2007 {published data only}
    1. Agius M, Shah S, Ramkisson R, Murphy S, Zaman R. Three year outcomes of an early intervention for psychosis service as compared with treatment as usual for first psychotic episodes in a standard community mental health team ‐ final results. Psychiatria Danubina 2007;19(3):130‐8. [PUBMED: 17914313] - PubMed
    1. Agius M, Shah S, Ramkisson R, Murphy S, Zaman R. Three year outcomes of an early intervention for psychosis service as compared with treatment as usual for first psychotic episodes in a standard community mental health team. Preliminary results [see comment]. Psychiatria Danubina 2007;19(1‐2):10‐9. [PUBMED: 17603411] - PubMed
An 2013 {published data only}
    1. An XD, Li SC 安晓东, 李守春. Effects of different interventions on quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes in patients with chronic schizophrenia [不同干预方式对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量和康复影响的研究]. Journal of Psychiatry [精神医学杂志] 2013, issue 01:25‐7.
An Qi 2013 {published data only}
    1. An Q, Wang HG, Meng XJ 安琦, 王宏刚, 孟祥军. The effects of family intervention on the rehabilitation of patients with newly diagnosed schizophrenia [家庭干预对首诊精神分裂症患者康复的影响]. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy [黑龙江医药科学] 2013, issue 03:59‐60.
Bao 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bao LP, Shen X, Zhang SF, Cui XQ, Cheng WL 鲍丽萍, 沈曦, 张世芳, 崔晓青, 程万良. Comparative study of the effects of family intervention for patients with schizophrenia [精神分裂症家庭干预效果的对照研究]. Sichuan Mental Health [四川精神卫生] 2012, issue 01:50‐1.
Bao‐China 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bao WQ, Sun XJ, Wang ML. Research on home intervention to community schizophreniform by applying PDCA. Journal of Practical Nursing 2005;21(3A):9‐11.
Barbic 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barbic S, Krupa T, Armstrong I. A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a modified recovery workbook program: preliminary findings. Psychiatric Services 2009;60(4):491‐7. - PubMed
Barekatain‐Iran 2014 {published data only}
    1. Barekatain M, Maracy MR, Rajabi F, Baratian H. Aftercare services for patients with severe mental disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2014;19:240‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Bigelow‐Oregon 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bigelow DA, Young DJ. Effectiveness of a case management programme. Community Mental Health Journal 1991;27:115‐23. - PubMed
Bond‐Chicago2 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bond GR, Witheridge TF, Wasmer D, Dincin J, McRae SA, Mayes J, et al. A comparison of two crisis housing alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989;40(2):177‐83. [PUBMED: 2914671] - PubMed
Bond‐Indiana2 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bond GR, McDonel EC, Miller LD, Pensec M. Assertive community treatment and reference groups ‐ an evaluation of their effectiveness for young adults with serious mental illness and substance abuse problems. Special Issue ‐ Serving persons with dual disorders of mental illness and substance use. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1991;15(2):31‐43.
Borland‐Washington 1989 {published data only}
    1. Borland A, McRae J, Lycan C. Outcomes of five years of continuous Intensive Case Management. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989;40:369‐76. - PubMed
Borras 2009 {published data only}
    1. Borras L, Boucherie M, Mohr S, Lecomte T, Perroud N, Huguelet P. Increasing self‐esteem: efficacy of a group intervention for individuals with severe mental disorders. European Psychiatry 2009;24(5):307‐16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Botha 2014 {published data only}
    1. Botha UA, Koen L, Galal U, Jordaan E, Niehaus DJ. The rise of assertive community interventions in South Africa: a randomized control trial assessing the impact of a modified assertive intervention on readmission rates; a three year follow‐up. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:56. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Botha UA, Koen L, Joska JA, Hering LM, Oosthuizen PP. Assessing the efficacy of a modified assertive community‐based treatment programme in a developing country. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:73. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Burns 2013 {published data only}
    1. Burns T, Rugkasa J, Molodynski A, Dawson K, Yeeles K, Vazquez‐Montes M, et al. Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:1627‐33. - PubMed
Burns‐UK 1993 {published data only}
    1. Burns T, Beadsmoore A, Bhat AV, Oliver A, Mathers C. A controlled trial of home‐based acute psychiatric services. I: Clinical and social outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;163:49‐54. [PUBMED: 8353699] - PubMed
    1. Burns T, Raftery J. Cost of schizophrenia in a randomized trial of home based treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991;17(3):407‐10. [PUBMED: 1947865] - PubMed
    1. Burns T, Raftery J, Beadsmoore A, McGuigan S, Dickson M. A controlled trial of home‐based acute psychiatric services. II: Treatment patterns and costs. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;163:55‐61. [PUBMED: 8353700] - PubMed
Champney‐Ohio 1992 {published data only}
    1. Champney TF, Dzurec LC. Involvement in productive activities and satisfaction with living situation among severely mentally disabled adults. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1992;43:899‐903. - PubMed
Chandler 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chandler D, Spicer G, Wagner M, Hargreaves W. Cost‐effectiveness of a capitated assertive community treatment program. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 1999;22:327‐36.
Chandler 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chandler D, Quinlivan R. Social skills training modules in an intensive community support program. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 2000;27(4):211‐20. - PubMed
Chandler‐California2 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chandler DW, Spicer G. Integrated treatment for jail recidivists with co‐occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Community Mental Health Journal 2006;42(4):405‐25. [PUBMED: 16933087] - PubMed
Chang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chang WC, Chan GH, Jim OT, Lau ES, Hui CL, Chan SK, et al. Optimal duration of an early intervention programme for first‐episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2015;206(6):492‐500. - PubMed
    1. Chang WC, Chan HK, Jim TT, Wong HY, Hui LM, Chan KW, et al. Randomized controlled trial evaluating 1‐year extended case management for first‐episode psychosis patients discharged from EASY program in Hong Kong. 14th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research (ICOSR); 2013 April 21‐25; Orlando (FL). 2013:324‐5.
    1. Chen EYH, Chang WC, Chan SKW, Lam MML, Hung SF, Chung DWS, et al. Community case management for early psychosis: is two years an optimal duration? A randomized controlled study. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2015;21:23‐6. - PubMed
Chatterjee 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chatterjee S, Naik S, John S, Dabholkar H, Balaji M, Koschorke M, et al. Effectiveness of a community‐based intervention for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers in India (COPSI): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:1385‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Chen‐China 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chen LS, Li ZG, Chen YF, Xiao CL, Huang JJ, Bao GL, et al. Comparative study of relapse prevention in schizophrenia by network. Linchuang Jingshen Yixue Zazhi 2007;17(4):234‐6.
Chen XZ 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chen XZ, Huang XF, Deng XM, Hong HZ 陈秀珍, 黄秀芳, 邓晓明, 洪华珍. The effect of home care intervention on long‐term prognosis of patients with schizophrenia [居家护理干预对精神分裂症患者长期预后的影响]. Sichuan Mental Health [四川精神卫生] 2012, issue 02:112‐4.
COAST‐UK 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kuipers E, Holloway F, Rabe‐Hesketh S, Tennakoon L. An RCT of early intervention in psychosis: Croydon Outreach and Assertive Support Team (COAST). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004;39(5):358‐63. [PUBMED: 15133591] - PubMed
COMO‐UK 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hughes E, Wanigaratne S, Gournay K, Johnson S, Thornicroft G, Finch E, et al. Training in dual diagnosis interventions (the COMO Study): randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:12. [PUBMED: 18304310] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johnson S, Thornicroft G, Afuwape S, Leese M, White IR, Hughes E, et al. Effects of training community staff in interventions for substance misuse in dual diagnosis patients with psychosis (COMO study): cluster randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007;191:451‐2. [PUBMED: 17978327] - PubMed
    1. Miles H, Johnson S, Amponsah‐Afuwape S, Finch E, Leese M, Thornicroft G. Characteristics of sub‐groups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services 2003;54(4):554‐61. [PUBMED: 12663845] - PubMed
    1. Thornicroft G. Prevention of admission to psychiatric hospital. A randomised controlled trial of service use, health and social care outcomes of a community mental health team intervention specific to dual diagnosis (psychosis and substance misuse) patients. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN98891022 (first received 14 March 2007).
Cook 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cook JA, Jonikas JA, Hamilton MM, Goldrick V, Steigman PJ, Grey DD, et al. Impact of Wellness Recovery Action Planning on service utilization and need in a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2013;36:250‐7. - PubMed
CORE 2014 {published data only}
    1. University of Melbourne. The CORE Study: a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial to test a co‐design technique to optimise psychosocial recovery outcomes for people affected by mental illness in the community mental health setting. www.apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12614000457640 (first received 1 May 2014). - PMC - PubMed
Cosden‐California 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cosden M, Ellens J, Schnell J, Yamini‐Diouf Y. Efficacy of a mental health treatment court with assertive community treatment. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2005;23(2):199‐214. [PUBMED: 15818609] - PubMed
CRIMSON‐UK 2008 {published data only}
    1. Thornicroft G. CRIMSON study: randomised controlled trial (RCT) of joint crisis plans to reduce compulsory treatment of people with psychosis. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11501328 (first received 13 March 2008).
Cui 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cui H, Shao H, He XJ, Ding HQ 崔虹, 邵华, 何夏君, 丁寒琴. The effect of case management on social function in patients with schizophrenia in community [个案管理在改善社区精神分裂症患者社会功能中的作用]. Modern Clinical Nursing [现代临床护理] 2012, issue 11:38‐40.
Dean‐UK1 1990 {published data only}
    1. Dean C, Gadd EM. Home treatment for acute psychiatric illness. BMJ 1990;301:1021‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Dean‐UK2 1993 {published data only}
    1. Dean C, Phillips J, Gadd EM, Joseph M, England S. Comparison of community based services with hospital based service for people with acute, severe psychiatric illness. BMJ 1993;307:473‐6. - PMC - PubMed
De Cangas‐Canada 1994 {published data only}
    1. Cangas JPC. Assertive case management: a comprehensive evaluation of a hospital based case management programme [Le "case management" affirmatif: une évaluation complète d'un programme du genre en milieu hospitalier]. Santé Mentale au Québec 1994;19(1):75‐91. - PubMed
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Dekker‐Netherlands 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dekker J, Wijdenes W, Koning YA, Gardien R, Hermandes‐Willenborg L, Nusselder H. Assertive community treatment in Amsterdam. Community Mental Health Journal 2002;38(5):425‐34. [PUBMED: 12236412] - PubMed
Deng‐China 2006 {published data only}
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Dharwadkar‐Victoria 1994 {published data only}
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Dinitz 1965 {published data only}
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Er 2013 {published data only}
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Fenton‐Canada 1978 {published data only}
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Franklin‐Texas 1987 {published data only}
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Gao 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gao HR, Liang JM, Wang Y, Bai CM, Guo XW, Su ZZ 高红锐, 梁金梅, 王艳, 白翠梅, 郭雄伟, 苏焯焯. The effect of Family‐Community‐Hospital integrated management for patients with schizophrenia [家庭‐社区‐医院一体化管理对精神分裂症治疗效果的影响]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2013, issue 12:15‐16+87.
Gaughran 2013 {published data only}
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Glick‐New York 1986 {published data only}
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Godley‐Illinois 1994 {published data only}
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Goering‐Canada 1988 {published data only}
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Gold‐SCarolina 2006 {published data only}
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Gu‐China 2010 {published data only}
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Han SH 2012 {published data only}
    1. Han SH 韩树华. The effects of family intervention on the rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia [家庭护理干预对精神分裂症患者康复影响的研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2012, issue 07:867‐71.
Hargreaves‐California {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hargreaves WA. Further information on your study [personal communication]. Email to: M Dieterich 26 May 2009.
    1. Hargreaves WA, Ja DY, Gee M. Assertive community treatment can be cost‐effective for schizophrenia. 39th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 2000 Dec 10‐14; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2000.
Havassy‐California 2000 {published data only}
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Hornstra‐Kansas 1993 {published data only}
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Huang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Huang LH 黄丽宏. The effect of family intervention on the rehabilitation of inpatients with schizophrenia [家庭护理模式在住院精神分裂症患者康复期的应用]. Chinese Community Doctors [中国社区医师(医学专业)] 2012, issue 35:270‐1.
Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang CY 黄春艳. The clinical treatment effects of community nursing care for the convalescent schizophrenics: a comparative study [社区护理干预对康复期精神分裂症患者的临床治疗影响的对照研究]. Today Nurse [当代护士(专科版)] 2013, issue 07:133‐5.
Hui 2014 {published data only}
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Hurlburt‐California 1996 {published data only}
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ISRCTN73683215 {published data only}
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Jerrell‐California 1989 {published data only}
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Jerrell‐SCarolina2 1994 {published data only}
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Jiang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jiang XF, Zhang C, Wu ZG, Xiong XY, Zhang J, Zhu XQ 江学锋, 张晨, 吴志国, 熊祥玉, 张洁, 朱学勤. A follow‐up study of family intervention as adjuvant therapy for first‐episode schizophrenica [家庭干预对首发精神分裂症患者辅助治疗的随访研究]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry [临床精神医学杂志] 2012, issue 01:1‐4.
Jiang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jiang MX, Ji YW, Zhou LJ, Xu WW, Dai LQ, Tang WZ, et al 姜明霞, 季一薇, 周路佳, 徐婉婉, 戴丽琴, 唐文忠, et al. Social support for patients with chronic schizophrenia [慢性精神分裂症患者的社会支持]. China Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2013, issue 08:1139‐41.
Jorgensen 2012 {published data only}
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Kane‐Virginia 2004 {published data only}
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Kilbourne 2014 {published data only}
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Klotz‐California 2001 {published data only}
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    1. Maloney M. MIOCRG Grant Application ‐ FORward MOMentum study. Data on file 2001.
Knight‐California 1990 {published data only}
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Kuldau‐California 1977 {published data only}
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Lafave‐Canada 1996 {published data only}
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Langley 2009 {published data only}
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Langsley‐Colorado 1968 {published data only}
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Lehman‐Maryland2 1993 {published data only}
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LEO‐UK 1994 {published and unpublished data}
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Li 2011 {published data only}
    1. Li SC, Chen CY 李守春, 陈常云. Effects of comprehensive intervention on mental health status of first‐degree relatives of inpatients with first‐episode schizophrenia [综合干预对首发住院精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康状况的影响]. Journal of Psychiatry [精神医学杂志] 2011;24(03):218‐20.
Li 2012 {published data only}
    1. Li ZC 李振超. The effect of community comprehensive intervention on cognitive function of first‐episode schizophrenia [社区防治综合措施对首发精神分裂症认知功能的影响]. China Modern Medicine [中国当代医药] 2012, issue 33:164‐5.
Li 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li SC, Lu ZS, An XD 李守春, 卢振胜, 安晓东. A follow‐up study of the effects of family health education and individualized management on quality of life of patients with chronic schizophrenia [家庭健康教育和个体化管理对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的随访研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2013, issue 13:91‐2.
Liang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Liang GY, Zhang YL, He YT, Fu LM 梁国英, 张艳莉, 何育涛, 傅兰梅. The effect of community nursing care for the rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia [社区护理对精神分裂症患者复发的影响]. Chinese Journal of Misdiagnostics [中国误诊学杂志] 2009;9(35):8591‐2.
Liang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Liang JM 梁金梅. The effect of integrated family intervention for schizophrenia patients in rehabilitation period [家庭干预综合护理措施对康复期精神分裂症患者作用的研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2012, issue 07:863‐4.
Liao 2010 {published data only}
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Li‐China 2004 {published data only}
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Lichtenberg‐Israel 2008 {published data only}
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Li JX 2013 {published data only}
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Li MD 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li MD, Zhao LQ, Zhang YS 李明德, 赵丽琼, 张跃坤. The effects of family intervention on social support in patients with schizophrenia in rural areas [家庭干预对农村精神分裂症患者社会支持度影响的对照研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health [中国民康医学] 2013, issue 08:22‐3.
Lin‐China 1998 {published data only}
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Li Ning 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li N, Han Y, Yan HL, Du JJ, Zheng H, Gao YQ 李宁, 韩嫣, 严宏力, 杜建军, 郑宏, 高运庆. Comparative study on the effects of community‐based comprehensive intervention on relapse frequency in patients with chronic schizophrenia [社区综合干预对慢性精神分裂症患者复发次数影响的对照研究]. Journal of Xinxiang Medical College [新乡医学院学报] 2013, issue 09:749‐51.
Liu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Liu H, Qin W, Hu SY, Qian ZP 刘华, 秦伟, 胡姝颖, 钱志萍. Effect of systematic rehabilitation intervention on the treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia [系统康复干预对精神分裂症康复期患者治疗依从性的影响]. Nursing Practice and Research [护理实践与研究] 2010;7(2):17‐9.
Li WX 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li WX 李文秀. The effect of community rehabilitation intervention versus long‐term hospitalisation for patients with schizophrenia [精神分裂症社区康复与长期住院治疗模式对照分析]. Hebei Medicine [河北医学] 2013, issue 08:1173‐5.
Lloyd 2000 {published data only}
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Lu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lu GF 鲁国芬. Effects of integrated hospital and community management for patients with schizophrenia [医院社区一体化管理模式对精神分裂症患者的管理效果研究]. Chinese General Practice [中国全科医学] 2013, issue 05:453‐5.
Malm‐Sweden 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Malm U. Further information about your trial [personal communication]. Email to: M Dieterich 25 May 2009.
    1. Malm U, Ivarsson B, Allebeck P, Falloon IR. Integrated care in schizophrenia: a 2‐year randomized controlled study of two community‐based treatment programmes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003;107(6):415‐23. [PUBMED: 12752017] - PubMed
Martin‐Delaware 1993 {published data only}
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Martin‐UK 2005 {published data only}
    1. Martin G, Costello H, Leese M, Slade M, Bouras N, Higgins S, et al. An exploratory study of assertive community treatment for people with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders: conceptual, clinical, and service issues. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2005;49(Pt 7):516‐24. [PUBMED: 15966959] - PubMed
Marx‐Wisconsin 1973 {published data only}
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McDonell 2013 {published data only}
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McFarlane‐New York 1992 {published data only}
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McGowan‐California 1995 {published data only}
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McGrew‐Indiana 1994 {published data only}
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McHugo‐Washington DC 2004 {published data only}
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Meneghelli‐Italy 2000 {published data only}
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Merson‐UK 1992 {published data only}
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Modcrin‐Kansas 1988 {published data only}
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Morthorst 2012 {published data only}
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Muijen‐UK1 1992 {published data only}
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Mulder‐Missouri 1985 {published data only}
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NCT00781079 {published data only}
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NCT01597141 {published data only}
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Nieves 2002 {published data only}
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Pai‐India 1982 {published data only}
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Polak‐Colorado 1976 {published data only}
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PRiSM‐UK 1998 {published data only}
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Ren‐China 2004 {published data only}
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Roldan‐Merino 2012 {published data only}
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Rossler‐Germany2 1995 {published data only}
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Rutter‐UK {published and unpublished data}
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Salyers 2010 {published data only}
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Shen WW 2013 {published data only}
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Shern‐USA2 {published and unpublished data}
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Shern‐USA3 {published data only}
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Stein 1974 {published data only}
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Stein‐Wisconsin {published data only}
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Sungur 2011 {published data only}
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Susser‐New York 1997 {published data only}
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Tang 2013 {published data only}
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Tao‐China 2004 {published data only}
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Teague‐New Hampshire 1995 {published data only}
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Thornicroft‐Maryland 1991 {published data only}
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Toro‐New York 1997 {published data only}
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van Meijel 2003 {published data only}
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Vesterager 2011 {published data only}
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Vincent‐Ohio 1977 {published data only}
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Wang 2008a {published data only}
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Wang F 2012 {published data only}
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Wang FY 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wang FY 王凤英. Family rehabilitation for discharged patients with schizophrenia [家庭康复在精神分裂症出院患者中的应用]. Journal of Qilu Nursing [齐鲁护理杂志] 2013, issue 13:99‐100.
Wang YL 2012 {published data only}
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Wang YQ 2010a {published data only}
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Wang Z 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wang Z, Liu XW, Tan YY 王志, 刘晓伟, 谈幼玉. Family intervention effect on social dysfunction in rehabilitation period of schizophrenia [家庭干预在精神分裂症患者社会功能障碍康复中的效果分析]. Journal of Military Surgeon in Southwest China [西南军医] 2012, issue 02:208‐10.
Wen 2010 {published data only}
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Wirshing 2006 {published data only}
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Wu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wu J, Zhang SB, Tang YL, Tan Y 吴菁, 章三斌, 唐义莲, 谭悦. The effects of group‐psychotherapy and family therapy for the schizophrenics in rehabilitation period [团体心理治疗和家庭治疗对康复期精神分裂症患者疗效的对照研究]. China Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2013;21(12):1780‐2.
Wunderink 2015 {published data only}
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Xing 2013 {published data only}
    1. Xing F, Lu QF 邢锋, 鲁青芳. Effects of community comprehensive rehabilitation training for patients with chronic schizophrenia [社区综合康复训练对慢性精神分裂症患者效果观察]. China Medicine and Pharmacy [中国医药科学] 2013, issue 17:79‐80,130.
Yang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yang X, Guo LR 杨新, 郭丽蓉. Effects of community rehabilitation for patients with schizophrenia [精神分裂症患者社区康复训练的疗效观察]. China Journal of Pharmaceutical Economics [中国药物经济学] 2013, issue 04:412‐3.
Yao 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yao FJ, Wang ZM, Qin ZH 姚丰菊, 王志敏, 秦志华. The effect of case management on community rehabilitation of female patients with schizophrenia [个案管理对社区女性精神分裂症患者康复的影响]. China Medicine and Pharmacy [中国医药科学] 2013, issue 15:13‐5.
Yao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yao ZZ, Xu Q, Wu LF, Fu WZ, Lu Y, Zhao AP. Effects of day nursing care in community on social function of patients with chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2014;34:830‐5.
Yu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yu X, Jia JD, Guo P, Zhang YH 余学, 贾金鼎, 郭平, 张艳华. Effects of community‐based comprehensive intervention on medicine consumption and social function in patients with schizophrenia [社区综合干预对分裂症患者药物消耗量和社会功能的影响]. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2011;19(07):772‐4.
Yuan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yuan YF, Yu ZY, Shen JB 袁月芳, 俞智勇, 沈建斌. The impact of community case management on the rehabilitation quality for patients with schizophrenia [社区个案管理对精神分裂症患者康复质量的影响]. Nursing Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army [解放军护理杂志] 2013, issue 09:35‐7.
    1. Zheng H, Chen SL, Tang AD, Zhou LJ, Ji WD 郑宏, 陈思路, 汤爱娣, 周路佳, 季卫东. The effects of comprehensive community service team for schizophrenia in community [综合服务团队对社区精神分裂症患者综合干预的研究]. China Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2012, issue 11:1615‐7.
    1. Zheng H, Chen XL, Niu X, Huang JJ, Zhou LJ, Tang AD 郑宏, 陈思路, 牛昕, 黄嘉俊, 周路佳, 汤爱娣. Effects of comprehensive community interventions for families of schizophrenia patients [社区综合服务团队对精神分裂症患者家庭的干预效果分析]. Chinese General Practice [中国全科医学] 2013, issue 01:90‐2.
Zhang SY 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang SY, Zhang ZX, Dong CL 张淑云, 张仲霞, 董春玲. Effects of intensive family care for patients with chronic schizophrenia [对慢性精神分裂症患者加强家庭护理干预的效果分析]. Chinese Journal of Trauma and Disability Medicine [中国伤残医学] 2013, issue 02:170‐1.
Zhang YF 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YF 张燕锋. The effect of active interview on the rehabilitation of schizopheria in community of Luoding City [罗定市社区主动访视对精神分裂症的康复研究]. Medical Innovation of China [中国医学创新] 2012, issue 12:138‐9.
Zhang YM 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YM, Zhang ZW, Jiang LP, Zhao GX 张玉敏, 张振文, 蒋令朋, 赵桂霞. Effects of community comprehensive intervention on medication compliance and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia [社区综合干预对精神分裂症患者服药依从性和生活质量的影响]. China Medicine and Pharmacy [中国医药科学] 2013, issue 18:63‐64,84.
Zhao HM 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhao HM, Li WX, He R 赵红梅, 李文秀, 何锐. The effect of community‐based rehabilitation for patients with schizophrenia [社区康复措施在康复期精神分裂症患者中的应用效果观察]. Hainan Medical Journal [海南医学] 2013, issue 06:836‐8.
Zhu 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zhu YX, Liu Y, Sun QX, Wang HS 朱玉星, 刘勇, 孙群星, 王宏升. Effects of psychologcial nursing care on cognition function of patients with schizophrenia [心理护理对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响]. China Practical Medical [中国实用医药] 2009;4(22):190‐2.
Zhu DP 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhu DP 竹道平. Influence of family psychological interventions on the rehabilitation of schizophrenia patients [家庭心理干预对精神分裂症患者社区康复的影响]. China Practical Medical [中国实用医药] 2012, issue 15:240‐1.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bonsack‐Switzerland {published data only}
    1. Bonsack C. Efficacy of Transitional Case Management Following Psychiatric Hospital Discharge. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02258737 (first received 29 September 2014).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐13003407 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐TRC‐13003407. Adaptation and assessment of the Family‐Based Assertive Community Treatment model for the treatment of schizophrenia in China: a randomized controlled trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR‐TRC‐13003407 (first received 25 March 2013).
Dick‐UK 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dick P. Randomised controlled trial of a community rehab programme in the treatment of chronic functional psychosis. National Research Register 2000.
    1. Dick P. Randomised controlled trials of a community rehabilitation programme in the treatment of chronic functional psychosis. National Research Register 2001; Vol. 1.
Guo‐China 2003 {published data only}
    1. Guo H, Deng J, Li Z. The influence of the effect of community intervention with schizophrenics’ family background and relevant factors. Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine Practice 2003;2(9):779‐84.
Kawanishi‐Japan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kawanishi C, Aruga T, Ishizuka N, Yonemoto N, Otsuka K, Kamijo Y, et al. Assertive case management versus enhanced usual care for people with mental health problems who had attempted suicide and were admitted to hospital emergency departments in Japan (ACTION‐J): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2014;1:193‐201. - PubMed
Kossobudzka‐Poland 2001 {published data only}
    1. Slupczynska‐Kossobudzka E, Boguszewska L, Wojtowitz S. Effectiveness of mobile community teams in four centers – a two‐year follow up study. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii 2001;10:289‐99.
Li 2010 {published data only}
    1. Li SC, Lu ZS, Hu YW, Yang RX, Qin D, Ge XW, et al 李守春, 卢振胜, 胡雅伟, 杨瑞香, 秦东, 葛欣伟, et al. Influence of community comprehensive intervention on the quality of life in patients with chronic schizophrenia [社区综合干预对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry [临床精神医学杂志] 2010;20(1):46‐8.
Linszen‐Netherlands 2002 {published data only}
    1. Linszen D. Early and critical period intervention in first episode schizophrenia: relapse, chronicity, early stabilisation, predictors over 4 years and new research. Schizophrenia Research 2004;70(1):66.
    1. Linszen D, Wouters L, Dingemans P, Haan L, Nieman D. Early and 3‐year sustained intervention in first episode schizophrenia: relapse, stabilization and its predictors. Schizophrenia Research 2004;67(1):18.
    1. Linszen DH, Haan L, Dingemans P, Bruggen M, Hofstra N, Engelsdorp H, et al. Treatment reluctance in first episode schizophrenia: Lack of insight, non‐compliance and cannabis abuse predict bad outcome after eighteen months intervention. Schizophrenia Research 2003;60(1):325.
    1. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM. Sustained intervention in recent onset schizophrenia: three year results of a controlled clinical trial. Schizophrenia Research 2002;53(3 Suppl 1):14.
Manuel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Manuel JI. A longitudinal analysis of psychiatric medication adherence and provider continuity among individuals with co‐occurring disorders. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2009;69(10A):4126.
O'Donnell‐Australia 1999 {published data only}
    1. O'Donnell M, Parker G, Proberts M, Matthews R, Fisher D, Johnson B, et al. A study of client focused case management and consumer advocacy: the community and consumer service project. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999;33(5):684‐93. [PUBMED: 10544992] - PubMed
Rivera‐New York 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rivera JJ, Sullivan AM, Valenti SS. Adding consumer‐providers to Intensive Case Management: does it improve outcome?. Psychiatric Services 2007;58(6):802‐9. [PUBMED: 17535940] - PubMed
Ruggeri‐Italy {published data only}
    1. Ruggeri M, Bonetto C, Lasalvia A, Girolamo G, Fioritti A, Rucci P, et al. A multi‐element psychosocial intervention for early psychosis (get up piano trial) conducted in a catchment area of 10 million inhabitants: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:73. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-73; PUBMED: 22647399] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sells‐Connecticut 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sells D, Black R, Davidson L, Rowe M. Beyond generic support: incidence and impact of invalidation in peer services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2008;59(11):1322‐7. - PubMed
    1. Sells D, Davidson L, Jewell C, Falzer P, Rowe M. The treatment relationship in peer‐based and regular case management for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2006;57(8):1179‐84. [PUBMED: 16870970] - PubMed
Sharifi‐Iran 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sharifi V, Amini H, Tehranidoost M, Yunesian M, Jalali‐Roudsari M, Sobhebidari P, et al. A randomized trial of a home aftercare service for patients with severe mental disorders in Iran. World Psychiatry 2009;8(Suppl 1):P03.175.
Su‐China 2008 {published data only}
    1. Su M, Wang CQ, Lin LX [苏勉, 王彩琴, 凌礼雄]. The effect of community intervention on the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia [社区干预对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响]. Journal of Tropical Medicine [热带医学杂志] 2008;8(2):138, 147‐9.
Tan‐China 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tan B, He YF, Xiang EP. The observation of cure effects and medical expenses of community rehabilitation on schizophrenia. Journal of Hubei Institute for Nationalities Medical Edition 2005;22(2):31‐3.
    1. Tan B, Xiang EP, He YF. Effect of community prevention and treatment in patients with schizophrenia and their family economic burden. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9(28):24‐6.
Verhaegh‐Netherlands 2006 {published data only}
    1. Verhaegh MJ, Bongers IM, Kroon H, Garretsen HF. Assertive Community Treatment for patients with a first episode psychosis. Model fidelity and specific adaptations for particular target groups [Assertive Community Treatment bij patienten met een eerste psychose. Modelgetrouwheid en doelgroepspecifieke aanpassingen]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2007;49(11):789‐98. [PUBMED: 17994498] - PubMed
    1. Verhaegh MJ, Bongers IM, Kroon H, Garretsen HF. Model fidelity of assertive community treatment for clients with first‐episode psychosis: a target group‐specific application. Community Mental Health Journal 2009;45(1):12‐8. [PUBMED: 18925435] - PubMed
    1. Verhaegh MJM. Researching the effect of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) for first episode psychosis: the use of peer‐interviewers in a quasi‐experimental study. Schizophrenia Research 2006;86(Suppl 1):S170.
Wang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wang YH, Tang JS, Chai XS, Zheng CQ, Zhang JX, Weng Z 王延祜, 唐济生, 柴新生, 郑崇泉, 张敬悬, 翁正. The effects of comprehensive intervention on social rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia [社区综合干预对精神分裂症患者社会康复效果的对照研究]. Shandong Archives of Psychiatry [山东精神医学] 2009; Vol. 22, issue 4:244‐6.
Zhang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HZ, Jin XX 张海杰, 靳新霞. Effects of community intervention on social function and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia [社区干预对精神分裂症患者社会功能及生存质量的影响]. Shandong Archives of Psychiatry [山东精神医学] 2009;22(5):368‐70.
Zoeteman‐Netherlands {published data only}
    1. Zoeteman JB. Assertive community treatment (ACT) versus case management in treating homeless patients with severe mental illness; a randomized controlled trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR896 (first received 10 November 2006).

References to ongoing studies

Koike‐Japan {published data only}
    1. Nishida A, Koike S, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Nakamura T, Harima H, et al. Comprehensive early intervention for patients with first‐episode psychosis in Japan (J‐CAP): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000005092 (first received 15 February 2011). - PMC - PubMed
Lutgens 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lutgens D, Iyer S, Joober R, Brown TG, Norman R, Latimer E, et al. A five‐year randomized parallel and blinded clinical trial of an extended specialized early intervention vs. regular care in the early phase of psychotic disorders: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2015 Feb 14;15:22. - PMC - PubMed
Malla‐Canada {published data only}
    1. Malla A, Norman R, Iyer S, Joober R, Brown T, Schmitz N, et al. Extending specialized early intervention service from 2 to 5 years: a randomized controlled trial. Eighth International Conference on Early Psychosis; 2012 Oct 11–13; San Francisco. 2012.
    1. Rondeau MC, Rho A, Iyer S, Joober R, Schmitz N, Latimer E, et al. A randomized controlled evaluation of 'extended specialized early intervention service' vs. 'regular care' for long‐term management of early psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2012;6:72.
NCT01313052 {published data only}
    1. NCT01313052. Forensic assertive community treatment: an emerging model of service delivery. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01313052 (first received 8 March 2011).
RISE ‐ Ethiopia {published data only}
    1. NCT02160249. RISE (Rehabilitation Intervention for People With Schizophrenia in Ethiopia): a cluster‐randomised trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02160249 (first received 3 June 2014).
Walsh‐Connecticut {published data only}
    1. Walsh B, Srihari VH, Woods S. Randomized trial of usual care versus specialized, phase‐specific care in the public sector for first episode psychosis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00309452 (first received 29 March 2006).

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