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. 2017 Jan 16:7:40316.
doi: 10.1038/srep40316.

Identification of wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) intercepted in trade-associated solid wood packaging material using DNA barcoding and morphology

Yunke Wu  1   2 , Nevada F Trepanowski  1 , John J Molongoski  1 , Peter F Reagel  1   3 , Steven W Lingafelter  4 , Hannah Nadel  1 , Scott W Myers  1 , Ann M Ray  5
Affiliations

Identification of wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) intercepted in trade-associated solid wood packaging material using DNA barcoding and morphology

Yunke Wu et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Global trade facilitates the inadvertent movement of insect pests and subsequent establishment of populations outside their native ranges. Despite phytosanitary measures, nonnative insects arrive at United States (U.S.) ports of entry as larvae in solid wood packaging material (SWPM). Identification of wood-boring larval insects is important for pest risk analysis and management, but is difficult beyond family level due to highly conserved morphology. Therefore, we integrated DNA barcoding and rearing of larvae to identify wood-boring insects in SWPM. From 2012 to 2015, we obtained larvae of 338 longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) and 38 metallic wood boring beetles (Buprestidae) intercepted in SWPM associated with imported products at six U.S. ports. We identified 265 specimens to species or genus using DNA barcodes. Ninety-three larvae were reared to adults and identified morphologically. No conflict was found between the two approaches, which together identified 275 cerambycids (23 genera) and 16 buprestids (4 genera). Our integrated approach confirmed novel DNA barcodes for seven species (10 specimens) of woodborers not in public databases. This study demonstrates the utility of DNA barcoding as a tool for regulatory agencies. We provide important documentation of potential beetle pests that may cross country borders through the SWPM pathway.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Participating U.S. ports of entry and wood packaging material.
Upper: the ports are located at (1) Seattle, WA; (2) Long Beach, CA; (3) Laredo, TX; (4) Pharr, TX; (5) Houston, TX; (6) Romulus, MI. Lower left: an example of SWPM (pallets). Lower right: a cerambycid larva found inside SWPM (map prepared in ArcGIS [10.3.1] (www.esri.com) by: William Panagakos; photo credits: Peter Reagel & Kendra Vieira).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Examples of intercepted wood-boring larvae and reared adults from this study.
The larvae depicted are visually similar and are difficult to identify below the family level. Cerambycidae: (a) Saperda perforata; (b) Anoplophora glabripennis; (c) Arhopalus rusticus; (d) Monochamus alternatus; (e) Xylotrechus sagittatus; (f) Monochamus galloprovincialis; (g) Trichoferus campestris; (h) Phoracantha recurva; (i) Chlorophorus diadema; (j) Monochamus sartor; (k) Xystrocera globosa; (l) Acalolepta sp.; (m) Arphopalus rusticus; (n) Monochamus galloprovincialis; (p) Anoplophora glabripennis; (q) Arhopalus sp.; (r) Trichoferus sp.; (s) inconclusive identification; (u) Trichoferus campestris. Buprestidae: (o) Chrysobothris igniventris; (t) Buprestis sp. Specimens are not shown to scale (photo credits: Sindhu Krishnankutty & Peter Reagel).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Proportional charts of wood-boring insects intercepted at the participating ports.
Identification results reflect both morphology and DNA barcoding. (a) Summary of all samples; (b) summary of cerambycid genera; (c) summary of buprestid genera. Specimen counts are in parentheses. Miscellaneous cerambycid genera with less than five individuals can be found on Fig. 4.
Figure 4
Figure 4. The Bayesian tree of intercepted cerambycids based on COI barcodes.
Genera are displayed in different colors. Letters in parentheses denote subfamilies: Le: Lepturinae; S: Spondylidinae; La: Lamiinae; C: Cerambycinae. Novel DNA barcodes are highlighted in red. Inconclusive specimens are shown in grey. Note that the specimens of Arhopalus that were intercepted in the present study comprise two divergent groups, clustering with Spondylidinae and Cerambycinae. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomela populi and Cryptocephalus distinguendus) was used as the outgroup.
Figure 5
Figure 5. The neighbor-joining tree of cerambycid specimens lacking a close match in BOLD.
Color blocks indicate specimens within 1% divergence from each other. Red rectangles cluster specimens that diverge less than 2% from each other. Specimens reared to adult are highlighted in red and represent novel DNA barcodes.
Figure 6
Figure 6. The Bayesian tree of intercepted buprestids based on COI barcodes.
Color blocks indicate specimens within 1% divergence from each other. Red rectangles cluster specimens that diverge less than 2% from each other. Schizopodidae was used as the outgroup.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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