Metabolism of Seriola lalandi during Starvation as Revealed by Fatty Acid Analysis and Compound-Specific Analysis of Stable Isotopes within Amino Acids

Abstract

Fish starvation is defined as food deprivation for a long period of time, such that physiological processes become confined to basal metabolism. Starvation provides insights in physiological processes without interference from unknown factors in digestion and nutrient absorption occurring in fed state. Juveniles of amberjack Seriola lalandi were isotopically equilibrated to a formulated diet for 60 days. One treatment consisted of fish that continued to be fed and fish in the other treatment were not fed for 35 days. The isotopic signatures prior to the beginning of and after the starvation period, for fish in the starvation and control treatments, were analysed for lipid content, fatty acid composition and isotopic analysis of bulk (EA-IRMS) and of amino acids (compound specific isotope analysis, CSIA). There were three replicates for the starvation group. Fatty acid content in muscle and liver tissue before and after starvation was determined to calculate percent change. Results showed that crude lipid was the most used source of energy in most cases; the PUFAs and LC-PUFAs were highly conserved. According to the protein signature in bulk (δ15N) and per amino acid (δ13C and δ15N), in muscle tissue, protein synthesis did not appear to occur substantially during starvation, whereas in liver, increases in δ13C and δ15N indicate that protein turnover occurred, probably for metabolic routing to energy-yielding processes. As a result, isotopic values of δ15N in muscle tissue do not change, whereas CSIA net change occurred in the liver tissue. During the study period of 35 days, muscle protein was largely conserved, being neither replenished from amino acid pools in the plasma and liver nor catabolized.

Fig 1. δ¹³C (‰) in bulk muscle and liver tissues of S. lalandi during 35 days of starvation.

Liver starvation, Muscle starvation, Liver control and Muscle control, average and standard variation.

Fig 2. δ¹⁵N (‰) in bulk muscle and liver tissues of S. lalandi during 35 days of starvation.

Liver starvation, Muscle starvation, Liver control and Muscle control, average and standard variation.

Fig 3. Compound specific δ¹⁵N of amino acids of of S. lalandi liver tissue: Commercial diet, Time 0, Liver 35 d starvation and Liver 35 d fed, average and standard deviation.

Asterix (*) denotes statistically significant difference between time 0 and 35 days of starvation.

Fig 4. Compound specific δ¹³C of amino acids of S. lalandi muscle: Time 0, Muscle 35 d starvation and muscle 35 d fed, average and standard deviation.

Asterix (*) denotes statistically significant difference between time 0 and 35 days of starvation.

Fig 5. Compound specific δ¹⁵N of amino acids of S. lalandi muscle: Commercial diet, Time 0, Muscle 35 d starvation and Muscle 35 d fed, average and standard deviation.

Asterix (*) denotes statistically significant difference between time 0 and 35 days of starvation.