Proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy

Abstract

The ubiquitin proteasome pathway was discovered in the 1980s to be a central component of the cellular protein-degradation machinery with essential functions in homeostasis, which include preventing the accumulation of misfolded or deleterious proteins. Cancer cells produce proteins that promote both cell survival and proliferation, and/or inhibit mechanisms of cell death. This notion set the stage for preclinical testing of proteasome inhibitors as a means to shift this fine equilibrium towards cell death. Since the late 1990s, clinical trials have been conducted for a variety of malignancies, leading to regulatory approvals of proteasome inhibitors to treat multiple myeloma and mantle-cell lymphoma. First-generation and second-generation proteasome inhibitors can elicit deep initial responses in patients with myeloma, for whom these drugs have dramatically improved outcomes, but relapses are frequent and acquired resistance to treatment eventually emerges. In addition, promising preclinical data obtained with proteasome inhibitors in models of solid tumours have not been confirmed in the clinic, indicating the importance of primary resistance. Investigation of the mechanisms of resistance is, therefore, essential to further maximize the utility of this class of drugs in the era of personalized medicine. Herein, we discuss the advances and challenges resulting from the introduction of proteasome inhibitors into the clinic.

Figure 1

Balance between proteasomal load and capacity. a. Under normal conditions, cells maintain a balance between proteasome load and capacity via modulation of factors such as the protein-synthesis rate, chaperone capacity, deubiquitination activity, and the synthesis and assembly of proteasome subunits. b. Multiple factors can enhance or mitigate the load and capacity of the proteasome, thereby disturbing this balance. If compensatory mechanisms cannot be activated, this disturbance leads to proteotoxic stress and to the activation of apoptotic pathways.

Figure 1

Balance between proteasomal load and capacity. a. Under normal conditions, cells maintain a balance between proteasome load and capacity via modulation of factors such as the protein-synthesis rate, chaperone capacity, deubiquitination activity, and the synthesis and assembly of proteasome subunits. b. Multiple factors can enhance or mitigate the load and capacity of the proteasome, thereby disturbing this balance. If compensatory mechanisms cannot be activated, this disturbance leads to proteotoxic stress and to the activation of apoptotic pathways.