Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2017 Jan 23;7(1):11.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci7010011.

Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context

Damir Nizamutdinov  1   2 , Lee A Shapiro  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context

Damir Nizamutdinov et al. Brain Sci. .

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts people of all ages and genders, and the severity of injury ranges from concussion/mild TBI to severe TBI. Across all spectrums, TBI has wide-ranging, and variable symptomology and outcomes. Treatment options are lacking for the early neuropathology associated with TBIs and for the chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral deficits. Inflammation and neuroinflammation appear to be major mediators of TBI outcomes. These systems are being intensively studies using animal models and human translational studies, in the hopes of understanding the mechanisms of TBI, and developing therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes of the millions of people impacted by TBIs each year. This manuscript provides an overview of the epidemiology and outcomes of TBI, and presents data obtained from animal and human studies focusing on an inflammatory and immunological context. Such a context is timely, as recent studies blur the traditional understanding of an "immune-privileged" central nervous system. In presenting the evidence for specific, adaptive immune response after TBI, it is hoped that future studies will be interpreted using a broader perspective that includes the contributions of the peripheral immune system, to central nervous system disorders, notably TBI and post-traumatic syndromes.

Keywords: neuroimmunity; neuroinflammation; traumatic brain injury.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Marr A.L., Coronado V.G. Central Nervous System Injury Surveillance Data Submission Standards—2002. Department of Health and Human Services; Washington, DC, USA: 2004.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Fact Sheet. [(accessed on 15 September 2016)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/get_the_facts.html.
    1. Faul M.X., Xu L., Wald M.M., Coronad V.G. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002–2006. [(accessed on 15 September 2016)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf.
    1. Zaloshnja E., Miller T., Langlois J.A., Selassie A.W. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:394–400. doi: 10.1097/01.HTR.0000341435.52004.ac. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) United States Department of Defense (DOD) VA Leadership Panel Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Understanding the Public Health Problem among Current and Former Military Personnel. [(accessed on 15 September 2016)]; Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/report_to_congress_on_traum....

LinkOut - more resources