Risk Analyses of Pressure Ulcer in Tetraplegic Spinal Cord-Injured Persons: A French Long-Term Survey

Abstract

Objective: To identify the long-term clinical, individual, and social risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) in traumatic spinal cord-injured persons with tetraplegia (TSCIt).

Design: Cohort survey with self-applied questionnaires in 1995 and 2006.

Setting: Thirty-five French-speaking European physical medicine and rehabilitation centers participating in the Tetrafigap surveys.

Participants: Tetraplegic adults (N=1641) were surveyed after an initial posttraumatic period of at least 2 years. Eleven years later, a follow-up was done for 1327 TSCIt, among whom 221 had died and 547 could be surveyed again.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Main outcome measures: The proportion of PUs documented at the various defined time points, relative to the medical and social situations of the TSCIt, by using univariate analyses followed by logistic regression.

Results: Of the participants, 73.4% presented with a PU during at least 1 period after their injury. Four factors had an effect on the occurrence of PUs in the long-term. Protective features for this population were incomplete motor impairment (odds ratio, 0.5) and the ability to walk (odds ratio, 0.2), whereas a strong predictive factor was the development of a PU during the initial posttrauma phase (odds ratio, 2.7). Finally, a significant situational factor was the lack of a social network (odds ratio, 3.1).

Conclusions: We believe that the highlighting of a motor incomplete feature of SCI (protective against the development of a PU) and of a medical risk factor, an early PU (which served as a definitive marker of the trajectory of TSCIt), together with a social situational factor, indicates the crucial role of initial management and long-term follow-up.

Keywords: Cohort studies; Follow-up studies; Recurrence; Rehabilitation; Risk factors; Surveys and questionnaires.