Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches

Mijat Božović^{1

2}, Stefania Garzoli³, Manuela Sabatino^{4

5}, Federico Pepi⁶, Anna Baldisserotto⁷, Elisa Andreotti⁸, Carlo Romagnoli⁹, Antonello Mai¹⁰, Stefano Manfredini¹¹, Rino Ragno^{12

13

14}

Affiliations

¹ Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.
² Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.
³ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. stefania.garzoli@uniroma1.it.
⁴ Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.
⁵ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.
⁶ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. federico.pepi@uniroma1.it.
⁷ Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. anna.baldisserotto@unife.it.
⁸ Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. elisa.andreotti@unimo.it.
⁹ Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. carlo.romagnoli@unimo.it.
¹⁰ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. antonello.mai@uniroma1.it.
¹¹ Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. stefano.manfredini@unife.it.
¹² Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.
¹³ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.
¹⁴ Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l., 00125 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.

PMID: 28134788
PMCID: PMC6155801
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020203

Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches

Mijat Božović et al. Molecules. 2017.

. 2017 Jan 26;22(2):203.

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020203.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.
² Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.
³ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. stefania.garzoli@uniroma1.it.
⁴ Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.
⁵ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.
⁶ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. federico.pepi@uniroma1.it.
⁷ Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. anna.baldisserotto@unife.it.
⁸ Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. elisa.andreotti@unimo.it.
⁹ Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. carlo.romagnoli@unimo.it.
¹⁰ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. antonello.mai@uniroma1.it.
¹¹ Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. stefano.manfredini@unife.it.
¹² Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.
¹³ Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.
¹⁴ Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l., 00125 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.

PMID: 28134788
PMCID: PMC6155801
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020203

Abstract

A comprehensive study on essential oils extracted from different Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball samples from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, the 24-h steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of different harvesting and extraction times, was applied. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that C. nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball essential oils from Tarquinia belong to the pulegone-rich chemotype. The analysis of 44 samples revealed that along with pulegone, some other chemicals may participate in exerting the related antifungal activity. The results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with at least a 6-h steam distillation process. Even though it is not so dependent on the period of harvesting, it could be recommended not to harvest the plant in the fruiting stage, since no significant antifungal effect was shown. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained in August, with the highest pulegone percentage. To obtain the oil with a higher content of menthone, September and October should be considered as the optimal periods. Regarding the extraction duration, vegetative stage material gives the oil in the first 3 h, while material from the reproductive phase should be extracted at least at 6 or even 12 h.

Keywords: 24-h steam distillation; Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball; GC/MS; anti-Candida activity; essential oils; menthone; pulegone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

**Figure 1**
(a) *C. nepeta* (L.) Savi subsp. *glandulosa* (Req.) Ball (CG) in its natural habitat in Tarquinia countryside; (b) CG, close-up (photo: Mijat Božović).

**Figure 2**
(a) Yield curves for CG; (b) chemical structures of pulegone (PUL) and menthone (MEN).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches

Affiliations

Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Research Materials

Miscellaneous