Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Jan 31;1(1):CD007223.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007223.pub4.

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage

Caron Kim  1 , Sharmani Barnard  2 , James P Neilson  3 , Martha Hickey  4 , Juan C Vazquez  5 , Lixia Dou  6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage

Caron Kim et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Miscarriage occurs in 10% to 15% of pregnancies. The traditional treatment, after miscarriage, has been to perform surgery to remove any remaining placental tissues in the uterus ('evacuation of uterus'). However, medical treatments, or expectant care (no treatment), may also be effective, safe, and acceptable.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of any medical treatment for incomplete miscarriage (before 24 weeks).

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register (13 May 2016) and reference lists of retrieved papers.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials comparing medical treatment with expectant care or surgery, or alternative methods of medical treatment. We excluded quasi-randomised trials.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and carried out data extraction. Data entry was checked. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 24 studies (5577 women). There were no trials specifically of miscarriage treatment after 13 weeks' gestation.Three trials involving 335 women compared misoprostol treatment (all vaginally administered) with expectant care. There was no difference in complete miscarriage (average risk ratio (RR) 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 2.10; 2 studies, 150 women, random-effects; very low-quality evidence), or in the need for surgical evacuation (average RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.26; 2 studies, 308 women, random-effects; low-quality evidence). There were few data on 'deaths or serious complications'. For unplanned surgical intervention, we did not identify any difference between misoprostol and expectant care (average RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.26; 2 studies, 308 women, random-effects; low-quality evidence).Sixteen trials involving 4044 women addressed the comparison of misoprostol (7 studies used oral administration, 6 studies used vaginal, 2 studies sublingual, 1 study combined vaginal + oral) with surgical evacuation. There was a slightly lower incidence of complete miscarriage with misoprostol (average RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.98; 15 studies, 3862 women, random-effects; very low-quality evidence) but with success rate high for both methods. Overall, there were fewer surgical evacuations with misoprostol (average RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.11; 13 studies, 3070 women, random-effects; very low-quality evidence) but more unplanned procedures (average RR 5.03, 95% CI 2.71 to 9.35; 11 studies, 2690 women, random-effects; low-quality evidence). There were few data on 'deaths or serious complications'. Nausea was more common with misoprostol (average RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.09; 11 studies, 3015 women, random-effects; low-quality evidence). We did not identify any difference in women's satisfaction between misoprostol and surgery (average RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.00; 9 studies, 3349 women, random-effects; moderate-quality evidence). More women had vomiting and diarrhoea with misoprostol compared with surgery (vomiting: average RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.85; 10 studies, 2977 women, random-effects; moderate-quality evidence; diarrhoea: average RR 4.82, 95% CI 1.09 to 21.32; 4 studies, 757 women, random-effects; moderate-quality evidence).Five trials compared different routes of administration, or doses, or both, of misoprostol. There was no clear evidence of one regimen being superior to another. Limited evidence suggests that women generally seem satisfied with their care. Long-term follow-up from one included study identified no difference in subsequent fertility between the three approaches.

Authors' conclusions: The available evidence suggests that medical treatment, with misoprostol, and expectant care are both acceptable alternatives to routine surgical evacuation given the availability of health service resources to support all three approaches. Further studies, including long-term follow-up, are clearly needed to confirm these findings. There is an urgent need for studies on women who miscarry at more than 13 weeks' gestation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Caron Kim: This author reports no conflicts of interest. Sharmani Barnard: This author reports no conflicts of interest. James P Neilson: This author reports no conflicts of interest. Martha Hickey: This author reports no conflicts of interest. Juan C Vazquez: This author reports no conflicts of interest. Lixia Dou: This author reports no conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
2
2
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, outcome: 2.1 Complete miscarriage.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, outcome: 2.2 Surgical evacuation.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, outcome: 2.4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, outcome: 2.15 Nausea.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, outcome: 2.16 Vomiting.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 5 Blood transfusion.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 6 Pain relief.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 7 Pelvic infection < 14 days.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 5 Blood transfusion.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 6 Blood loss.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 7 Anaemia.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 8 Days of bleeding.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 9 Pain relief.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 10 Pelvic infection < 14 days.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 11 Cervical damage.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 12 Digestive disorders.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 13 Women's views/acceptability of method.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 14 Women's views/satisfaction ‐ continuous data.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 15 Nausea.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 16 Vomiting.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 17 Diarrhoea.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 5 Blood transfusion.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 6 Pain relief.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vaginal misoprostol versus expectant care, Outcome 7 Pelvic infection < 14 days.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 5 Blood transfusion.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 6 Anaemia.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 7 Days of bleeding.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 8 Pain relief.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 9 Pelvic infection < 14 days.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 10 Women's views/satisfaction ‐ continuous data.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 11 Nausea.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 12 Vomiting.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 13 Diarrhoea.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 3 Unplanned surgical intervention.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 4 Blood transfusion.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 5 Pain relief.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 6 Pelvic infection.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 7 Cervical damage.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 8 Women's views/acceptability of method.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 9 Nausea.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 10 Vomiting.
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 Oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 11 Diarrhoea.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vaginal + oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vaginal + oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vaginal + oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 3 Days of bleeding.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vaginal + oral misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 4 Pelvic infection.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 3 Unplanned surgical intervention.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 4 Anaemia.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 5 Digestive disorders.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 6 Women's views/acceptability of method.
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 7 Nausea.
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sublingual misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 8 Vomiting.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 3 Unplanned surgical intervention.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 4 Pain relief.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 5 Nausea.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 6 Vomiting.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Vaginal misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 7 Diarrhoea.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 4 Unplanned surgical intervention.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 5 Women's views/acceptability of method.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 6 Nausea.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 7 Vomiting.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oral misoprostol: 600 ug versus 1200 ug, Outcome 8 Diarrhoea.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral mifepristone + vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral mifepristone + vaginal misoprostol versus surgery, Outcome 2 Pelvic infection < 14 days.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Vaginal prostaglandin E1 (gemeprost) versus surgery, Outcome 1 Unplanned surgical intervention.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 1 Complete miscarriage.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 2 Surgical evacuation.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 3 Death or serious complication.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 4 Nausea.
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 5 Vomiting.
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 6 Diarrhoea.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sublingual misoprostol versus oral misoprostol, Outcome 7 Women's views/acceptability of method.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Bique 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bique C, Usta M, Debora B, Chong E, Westheimer E, Winikoff B. Comparison of misoprostol and manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of incomplete abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2007;98(3):222‐6. - PubMed
Blanchard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Blanchard K, Taneepanichskul S, Kiriwat O, Sirimai K, Svirirojana N, Mavimbela N, et al. Two regimens of misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;103(5 Pt 1):860‐5. - PubMed
    1. Phupong V, Taneepanichskul S, Kriengsinyot R, Sriyirojana N, Blanchard K, Winikoff B. Comparative study between single dose 600 mg and repeated dose oral misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion. Contraception 2004;70:307‐11. - PubMed
Blohm 2005 {published data only}
    1. Blohm F, Friden BE, Milsom I, Platz‐Christensen JJ, Nielsen S. A randomised double blind trial comparing misoprostol or placebo in the management of early miscarriage. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005; Vol. 112, issue 8:1090‐5. - PubMed
Chigbu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chigbu B, Onwere S, Aluka C, Kamanu C, Ezenobi O. Is misoprostol a suitable alternative to the surgical evacuation of incomplete abortion in rural South‐Eastern Nigeria?. East African Medical Journal 2012;89(5):172‐7. - PubMed
Clevin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Clevin L, Munk T, Hansen TR. Spontaneous abortion. Drug treatment versus surgery [Spontan abort. Medicinsk versus kirurgisk behandling]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2001;163(15):2136‐9. - PubMed
Dabash 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dabash R, Cherine M, Darwish E, Blum J, Hassanein N, Abdel Daiem T, et al. Bleeding following surgical (MVA) and medical (400 ug sublingual misoprostol) treatment of incomplete abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S150‐1.
    1. Dabash R, Ramadan MC, Darwish E, Hassanein N, Blum J, Winikoff B. A randomized controlled trial of 400‐μg sublingual misoprostol versus manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of incomplete abortion in two Egyptian hospitals. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2010;111(2):131‐5. - PubMed
    1. Ramadan MC. Misoprostol versus MVA for incomplete abortion: results from a randomized controlled trial in Egypt. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S68‐9.
Dao 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dao B, Blum J, Thieba B, Raghavan S, Ouedraego M, Lankoande J, et al. Is misoprostol a safe, effective and acceptable alternative to manual vacuum aspiration for postabortion care? Results from a randomised trial in Burkina Faso, West Africa. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114(11):1368‐75. - PubMed
Diop 2009 {published data only}
    1. Diop A, Raghavan S, Rakotovao JP, Comendant R, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B. Two routes of administration for misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortion: a randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2009;79(6):456‐62. - PubMed
Ganguly 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ganguly RP, Mukhopadhyay S, Burman SK, Patra KK, Jha T, Mukherji J. A randomized trial of misoprostol compared with manual vacuum aspiration for early pregnancy failure. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010;5(2):8‐13.
Montesinos 2011 {published data only}
    1. Arellano M, Durocher J, Leon W, Montesinos R, Pena M, Winikoff B. Introduction of misoprostol for incomplete abortion care in Latin America: evidence from Ecuador. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S49. - PubMed
    1. Montesinos R, Durocher J, Leon W, Arellano M, Pena M, Pinto E, et al. Oral misoprostol for the management of incomplete abortion in Ecuador. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;115(2):135‐9. - PubMed
Moodliar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bagratee J, Regan L, Khullar V, Moodley J, Connolly C. Does the volume of retained products of conception and hormonal parameters influence the success of conservative methods of management of first trimester miscarriage?. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S116.
    1. Moodliar S, Bagratee JS, Moodley J. Medical vs. surgical evacuation of first‐trimester spontaneous abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005;91:21‐6. - PubMed
Ngoc 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen TNN, Blum J, Durocher J, Quan TTV, Winikoff B. A randomized controlled study comparing 600 versus 1,200 micrograms oral misoprostol for medical management of incomplete abortion. Contraception 2005; Vol. 72, issue 6:438‐42. - PubMed
Niinimaki 2006 {published data only}
    1. Niinimaki M, Jouppila P, Martikainen H, Talvensaari‐Mattila A. A randomized study comparing efficacy and patient satisfaction in medical or surgical treatment of miscarriage. Fertility and Sterility 2006;86(2):367‐72. - PubMed
    1. Niinimaki M, Karinen P, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A. Treating miscarriages: a randomised study of cost‐effectiveness in medical or surgical choice. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2009;116(7):984‐90. - PubMed
Pang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pang MW, Chung T. Incomplete miscarriage: a randomized controlled trial comparing oral with vaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation. Human Reproduction 2001;16(11):2283‐7. - PubMed
    1. Pang SMW, Chung TKH. A randomized clinical trial comparing oral and vaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation of spontaneous abortion [abstract]. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Book 3); 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:69.
Paritakul 2010 {published data only}
    1. Paritakul P, Phupong V. Comparative study between oral and sublingual 600 µg misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2010;36(5):978‐83. - PubMed
Patua 2013 {published data only}
    1. Patua B, Dasgupta M, Bhattacharyya SK, Bhattacharya S, Hasan SH, Saha S. An approach to evaluate the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol administered for a rapid management of first trimester spontaneous onset incomplete abortion, in comparison to surgical curettage. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;288(6):1243‐8. - PubMed
Sahin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sahin HG, Sahin HA, Kocer M. Randomized outpatient clinical trial of medical evacuation and surgical curettage in incomplete miscarriage. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2001;6(3):141‐4. - PubMed
Shelley 2005 {published data only}
    1. Shelley JM, Healy D, Grover S. A randomised trial of surgical, medical and expectant management of first trimester spontaneous miscarriage. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005; Vol. 45:122‐7. - PubMed
Shochet 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shochet T, Diop A, Gaye A, Nayama M, Sall AB, Bukola F, et al. Sublingual misoprostol versus standard surgical care for treatment of incomplete abortion in five sub‐Saharan African countries. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:127. - PMC - PubMed
Shwekerela 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shwekerela B, Kalumuna R, Kipingili R, Mashaka N, Westheimer E, Clark W, et al. Misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion at the regional hospital level: results from Tanzania. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114(11):1363‐7. - PubMed
Taylor 2011 {published data only}
    1. Taylor J, Diop A, Blum J, Dolo O, Winikoff B. Oral misoprostol as an alternative to surgical management for incomplete abortion in Ghana. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;112(1):40‐4. - PubMed
Trinder 2006 {published data only}
    1. Petrou S, Trinder J, Brocklehurst P, Smith L. Economic evaluation of alternative management methods of first‐trimester miscarriage based on results from the MIST trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2006;113(8):879‐89. - PubMed
    1. Smith L. Extension to: randomised controlled trial of expectant, medical and surgical management of early miscarriage. www.refer.nhs.uk (accessed 7 March 2006).
    1. Smith LF, Frost J, Levitas R, Bradley H, Garcia J. Women's experiences of three early miscarriage management options: a qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(524):198‐205. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith LFP, Ewings PD, Quinlan C. Incidence of pregnancy after expectant, medical, or surgical management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: long term follow‐up of miscarriage treatment (MIST) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;339(1766):b3827. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Trinder J, Brocklehurst P, Porter R, Read M, Vyas S, Smith L. Management of miscarriage: expectant, medical, or surgical? Results of randomised controlled trial (miscarriage treatment (MIST) trial). BMJ 2006;332(7552):1235‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Weeks 2005 {published data only}
    1. Weeks A, Alia G, Blum J, Blanchard K, Winikoff B. A randomised trial of oral misoprostol (600 mcg) versus manual vacuum aspiration in the treatment of incomplete miscarriage in Kampala, Uganda. 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7‐9; Glasgow, UK. 2004:27.
    1. Weeks A, Alia G, Blum J, Winikoff B, Ekwaru P, Durocher J, et al. A randomized trial of misoprostol compared with manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete abortion. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;106(3):540‐7. - PubMed
Zhang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chen BA, Reeves MF, Creinin MD, Gilles JM, Barnhart K, Westhoff C, et al. Misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure in women with previous uterine surgery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;198(6):626.e1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Creinin MD, Huang X, Westhoff C, Barnhart K, Gilles JM, Zhang J, et al. Factors related to successful misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;107(4):901‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harwood B, Nansel T, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Management of Early Pregnancy Failure Trial. Quality of life and acceptability of medical versus surgical management of early pregnancy failure. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(4):501‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reeves MF, Lohr PA, Harwood B, Creinin MD. Sonographic findings after misoprostol or vacuum aspiration for early pregnancy failure. Contraception 2006;74(2):182.
    1. Reeves MF, Lohr PA, Harwood BJ, Creinin MD. Ultrasonographic endometrial thickness after medical and surgical management of early pregnancy failure. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;111(1):106‐12. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Abdel Fattah IH. PGE1 analogue for the induction of midtrimester abortion in cases of intrauterine fetal death. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1997;76(167):26.
Abd‐El‐Maeboud 2012 {published data only}
    1. Abd‐El‐Maeboud KH, Ghazy A, Ibrahim A, Hassan N, El‐Bohoty A, Gamal‐El‐Din I. Vaginal acidity enhancement with a 3% acetic acid gel prior to misoprostol treatment for pregnancy termination in the midtrimester. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(3):248‐52. - PubMed
Al‐Bdour 2007 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Bdour AN, Akasheh H, Al‐Jayousi T. Missed abortion: termination using single‐dose versus two doses of vaginal misoprostol tablets. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(6):920‐3.
Al Inizi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Al Inizi SA, Ezimokhai M. Vaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone for the management of missed abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2003;83:73‐4. - PubMed
Almog 2005 {published data only}
    1. Almog B, Levin I, Winkler N, Fainaru O, Pauzner D, Lessing JB, et al. The contribution of laminaria placement for cervical ripening in second trimester termination of pregnancy induced by intra‐amniotic injection of prostaglandin f(2)alpha followed by concentrated oxytocin infusion. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2005;118:32‐5. - PubMed
Altaf 2006 {published data only}
    1. Altaf F, Sultana N, Iqbal N. Therapeutic abortions; efficacy of intra‐vaginal misoprostol in comparison to extra amniotically administered prostaglandin f2a. Professional Medical Journal 2006;13(3):417‐22.
Amjad 1999 {published data only}
    1. Amjad T, Akhtar S. Termination of pregnancy with foetal death in second trimester: Foley's catheter versus extra amniotic prostaglandins. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 1999;9:403‐5.
Anderman 2000 {published data only}
    1. Anderman S, Jaschevatzky OE, Ballas S. Comparison between a double balloon device and the foley catheter in extraamniotic prostaglandin F2a infusion for termination of midtrimester missed abortion [abstract]. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics and& Gynecology (Book 2); 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:161.
Anderson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anderson J, Gouk E, Young L, Turnbull L, Sayeed G, Elattar A, et al. A randomised controlled trial of oral versus vaginal misoprostol for medical management of early fetal demise. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S533.
Ara 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ara G, Nargis S, Khatun R, Saha A. Vaginal misoprostol as a medical management in early pregnancy loss. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S533‐4.
Autry 1999 {published data only}
    1. Autry A, Jacobson G, Sandhu R, Isbill K. Medical management of non‐viable early first trimester pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1999; Vol. 67, issue 1:9‐13. - PubMed
Avila‐Vergara 1997 {published data only}
    1. Avila‐Vergara MA, Morgan‐Ortiz F, Fragoza‐Sosa O, Haro‐Garcia L. Cervical labor induction with prostaglandin E2 in patients with fetal death [Maduracion cervical con prostaglandina E2 en pacientes con feto muerto]. Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 1997;65:155‐8. - PubMed
Ayudhaya 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ayudhaya OP, Herabutya Y, Chanrachakul B, Ayuthaya NI, O‐Prasertsawat P. A comparison of the efficacy of sublingual and oral misoprostol 400 microgram in the management of early pregnancy failure: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2006;89(Suppl 4):S5‐S10. - PubMed
Azra 2007 {published data only}
    1. Azra B, Shakeel S, Nilofer M. A comparison of two protocols of intra vaginal misoprostol for second trimester medical termination of pregnancy. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 2007;57(1):61‐5.
Bagratee 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bagratee JS, Khullar V, Regan L, Moodley J, Kagoro H. A randomized controlled trial comparing medical and expectant management of first trimester miscarriage. Human Reproduction 2004;19(2):266‐71. - PubMed
Bani‐Irshaid 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bani‐Irshaid I, Athamneh TZ, Bani‐Khaled D, Al‐Momani M, Dahamsheh H. Termination of second and early third trimester pregnancy: comparison of 3 methods. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2006;12(5):605‐9. - PubMed
Bebbington 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bebbington MW, Kent N, Lim K, Gagnon A, Delisle MF, Tessier F, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing two protocols for the use of misoprostol in midtrimester pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(4):853‐7. - PubMed
Behrashi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Behrashi M. Comparison between the oral and vaginal misoprostol effects on pregnancy termination in second trimester. en.search.irct.ir/view/90 Date first received: 27 September 2008.
    1. Behrashi M, Mahdian M. Vaginal versus oral misoprostol for second‐trimester pregnancy termination: a randomized trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2008;11(21):2505‐8. - PubMed
Ben‐Meir 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ben‐Meir A, Erez Y, Feigenberg T, Hamani Y, Laufer N, Rojansky N. Mifepristone followed by high‐dose oxytocin drip for second‐trimester abortion: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, pilot study. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2009;54(8):511‐6. - PubMed
Biswas 2007 {published data only}
    1. Biswas SC, Dey R, Jana R, Chattopadhyay N. Comparative study of intravaginal misoprostol and extra amniotic ethacridine lactate instillation for mid trimester pregnancy termination. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2007;57(3):211‐3.
Cabrol 1990 {published data only}
    1. Cabrol D, Dubois C, Cronje H, Gonnet JM, Guillot M, Maria B, et al. Induction of labor with mifepristone (RU 486) in intrauterine fetal death. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1990;163:540‐2. - PubMed
Caliskan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Caliskan E, Dilbaz S, Doger E, Ozeren S, Dilbaz B. Randomized comparison of 3 misoprostol protocols for abortion induction at 13‐20 weeks of gestation. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2005;50(3):173‐80. - PubMed
Caliskan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Caliskan E, Doger E, Cakiroglu Y, Corakci A, Yucesoy I. Sublingual misoprostol 100 microgram versus 200 microgram for second trimester abortion: a randomised trial. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2009;14(1):55‐60. - PubMed
Chittacharoen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chittacharoen A, Herabutya Y, Punyavachira P. A randomized trial of oral and vaginal misoprostol to manage delivery in cases of fetal death. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;101:70‐3. - PubMed
Chung 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chung TKH, Cheung LP, Haines CJ. Spontaneous abortion: A randomized controlled trial of misoprostol versus routine surgical evacuation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76(167):72. - PubMed
    1. Chung TKH, Cheung LP, Lee DTS, Haines CJ. Spontaneous abortion: a randomized controlled trial of misoprostol versus routine uterine curettage. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105 Suppl 17:127.
    1. Chung TKH, Lee DTC. A randomised controlled clinical trial involving women who have aborted spontaneously: the health, social and operational cost outcomes of conservative and routine management protocols. Personal communication 1998.
    1. Chung TKH, Lee DTS, Cheung LP, Haines CJ, Chang AMZ. Spontaneous abortion: a randomised controlled trial comparing surgical evacuation with conservative management using misoprostol. Fertility and Sterility 1999;71(6):1054‐9. - PubMed
    1. Lee DTS, Cheung LP, Haines CJ, Chan KPM, Chung TKH. A comparison of the psychologic impact and client satisfaction of surgical treatment with medical treatment of spontaneous abortion: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185:953‐8. - PubMed
Cleeve 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cleeve A, Byamugisha J, Gemzell‐Danielsson K, Mbona Tumwesigye N, Atuhairwe S, Faxelid E, et al. Women's acceptability of misoprostol treatment for incomplete abortion by midwives and physicians ‐ a randomized controlled equivalence trial at district level, Uganda. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E295. - PMC - PubMed
Creinin 1997 {published data only}
    1. Creinin MD, Moyer R, Guido R. Misoprostol for medical evacuation of early pregnancy failure. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;89:768‐72. - PubMed
David 2003 {published data only}
    1. David M, Chen FCK, Lichtenegger W. NO‐donor nitroglycerin versus the prostaglandin gemeprost for cervical ripening in first trimester missed abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2003;83:71‐2. - PubMed
David 2005 {published data only}
    1. David M, Chen FCK. Comparison of isosorbide mononitrate (Mono Mack) and misoprostol (Cytotec) for cervical ripening in the first trimester missed abortion. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005;273(3):144‐5. - PubMed
de Jonge 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jonge ET, Makin JD, Manefeldt E, Wet GH, Pattinson RC. Randomised clinical trial of medical evacuation and surgical curettage for incomplete miscarriage. BMJ 1995;311(7006):662. - PMC - PubMed
Demetroulis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Demetroulis C, Saridogan E, Kunde D, Naftalin AA. A prospective randomized control trial comparing medical and surgical treatment for early pregnancy failure. Human Reproduction 2001;16(2):365‐9. - PubMed
    1. Demetroulis C, Saridogan E, Kunde D, Naftalin AA. A prospective randomized control trial comparing medical and surgical treatment for early pregnancy failure [abstract]. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Book 3); 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:69. - PubMed
Dickinson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson JE, Godfrey M, Evans SF. Efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol in second‐trimester pregnancy termination: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine 1998;7:115‐9. - PubMed
Dickinson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson JE, Evans SF. The optimization of intravaginal misoprostol dosing schedules in second‐trimester pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002; Vol. 186, issue 3:470‐4. - PubMed
Dickinson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson JE, Evans SF. A comparison of oral misoprostol with vaginal misoprostol administration in second‐trimester pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;101:1294‐9. - PubMed
Egarter 1995 {published data only}
    1. Egarter C, Lederhilger J, Kurz C, Karas H, Reisenberger K. Gemeprost for first trimester missed abortion. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1995;256(1):29‐32. - PubMed
Elhassan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Elhassan EM, Abubaker MS, Adam I. Sublingual compared with oral and vaginal misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with second‐trimester fetal demise. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2008;100(1):82‐3. - PubMed
Eng 1997 {published data only}
    1. Eng NS, Guan AC. Comparative study of intravaginal misoprostol with gemeprost as an abortifacient in second trimester missed abortion. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;37(3):331‐4. - PubMed
Eppel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Eppel W, Facchinetti F, Schleussner E, Piccinini F, Pizzi C, Gruber DM, et al. Second trimester abortion using isosorbide mononitrate in addition to gemeprost compared with gemeprost alone: a double‐blind randomized, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192:856‐61. - PubMed
Fadalla 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fadalla F, Mirghani OA, Adam I. Oral misoprostol vs. vaginal misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second‐trimester. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004;86:52‐3. - PubMed
Fang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fang AH, Chen QF, Zheng W, Li YH, Chen RY. Termination of missed abortion in a combined procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2009;20(1):45‐9.
Feldman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Feldman DM, Borgida AF, Rodis JF, Leo MV, Campbell WA. A randomized comparison of two regimens of misoprostol for second‐trimester pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; Vol. 189:710‐3. - PubMed
Fiala 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fiala C, Swahn ML, Stephansson O, Gemzell‐Danielsson K. The effect of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at 13‐22 weeks gestation. Human Reproduction 2005; Vol. 20, issue 11:3072‐7. - PubMed
Gazvani 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gazvani R, Templeton A. A pilot study for the use of manual vacuum aspiration in early pregnancy loss. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;20(1):105.
Ghorab 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ghorab MN, Helw BA. Second‐trimester termination of pregnancy by extra‐amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha or endocervical misoprostol A comparative study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1998;77:429‐32. - PubMed
Gilles 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barnhart KT, Bader T, Huang X, Frederick MM, Timbers KA, Zhang JJ. Hormone pattern after misoprostol administration for a nonviable first‐trimester gestation. Fertility and Sterility 2004;81(4):1099‐105. - PubMed
    1. Creinin MD, Harwood B, Guido RS, Fox MC, Zhang J, NICHD Management of Early Pregnancy Failure Trial. Endometrial thickness after misoprostol use for early pregnancy failure. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004;86(1):22‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis AR, Robilotto CM, Westhoff CL, Forman S, Zhang J, NICHD Management of Early Pregnancy Failure Trial. Bleeding patterns after vaginal misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure. Human Reproduction 2004;19(7):1655‐8. - PubMed
    1. Gilles J, Creinin MM, Barnhart KT, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zang J. Wet versus dry intravaginal misoprostol application for treatment of early pregnancy failure [abstract]. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78(3 Suppl 1):S64‐5.
    1. Gilles JM, Creinin MD, Barnhart K, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zhang J. A randomized trial of saline solution‐moistened misoprostol versus dry misoprostol for first‐trimester pregnancy failure. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; Vol. 190:389‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Gonzalez 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez JA, Carlan SJ, Alverson MW. Outpatient second trimester pregnancy termination. Contraception 2001;63(2):89‐93. - PubMed
Graziosi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Graziosi G, Bruinse HW, Reuwer PJH, Teteringen O, Mol BJW. Fertility outcome after a randomized trial comparing curettage with misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure. Human Reproduction 2005;20:1749‐50. - PubMed
    1. Graziosi GC, Steeg JW, Reuwer PH, Drogtrop AP, Bruinse HW, Mol BW. Economic evaluation of misoprostol in the treatment of early pregnancy failure compared to curettage after an expectant management. Human Reproduction 2005;20(4):1067‐71. - PubMed
    1. Graziosi GCM, Bruinse HW, Reuwer PJH, Kessel PH, Westerweel PE, Mol BW. Misoprostol versus curettage in women with early pregnancy failure: impact on women's health‐related quality life. A randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction 2005;20(8):2340‐7. - PubMed
    1. Graziosi GCM, Mol BWJ, Reuwer PJH, Drogtrop A, Bruinse HW. Misoprostol versus curettage in women with early pregnancy failure after initial expectant management: a randomized trial. Human Reproduction 2004;19(8):1894‐9. - PubMed
Grimes 2005 {published data only}
    1. Grimes DA, Smith MS, Witham AD. Mifepristone and misoprostol versus dilation and evacuation for midtrimester abortion: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;111:148‐53. - PubMed
Gronlund 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gronlund A, Gronlund L, Clevin L, Andersen B, Palmgren N, Lidegaard O. Management of missed abortion: comparison of medical treatment with either mifepristone + misoprostol or misoprostol alone with surgical evacuation. A multi‐center trial in Copenhagen county, Denmark. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2002;81:1060‐5. - PubMed
Guix 2005 {published data only}
    1. Guix C, Palacio M, Figueras F, Bennasar M, Zamora L, Coll O, et al. Efficacy of two regimens of misoprostol for early second‐trimester pregnancy termination. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2005;20(6):544‐8. - PubMed
Hassan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hassan FI, Mostapha MK, Sattar MA, Marouf E, Azim SA. Oral versus rectal route of misoprostol administration: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2007;12(1):53‐6.
Hausler 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hausler MCH, Koroschetz F, Tamussino K, Walcher W. Is a curettage after spontaneous abortion still relevant? [Ist eine currettage nach abortus completus noch zeitgemals?]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 1997;57:396‐9.
Heard 2002 {published data only}
    1. Heard MJ, Stewart GM, Buster JE, Carson SA, Miller HJ. Outpatient management of missed abortion with vaginal misoprostol [abstract]. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;99(4 Suppl):20S.
Herabutya 1997a {published data only}
    1. Herabutya Y, O‐Prasertsawat P. Misoprostol in the management of missed abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1997;56(3):263‐6. - PubMed
Herabutya 1997b {published data only}
    1. Herabutya Y, O‐Prasertsawat P. A comparison of intravaginal misoprostol with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for the management of dead fetus in utero. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997; Vol. 9, issue 2:95‐8.
Herabutya 2005 {published data only}
    1. Herabutya Y, Chanrachakul B, Punyavachira P. A randomised controlled trial of 6 and 12 hourly administration of vaginal misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy termination. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112(9):1297‐301. - PubMed
Hernandez‐Valencia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hernandez‐Valencia M. Cervical ripening with prostaglandin E1: how an ambulatory method decreases the hospital stay in abortus with intrauterine fetal demise. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2003;18(1):54‐8. - PubMed
Hidar 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hidar S, Fekih M, Chaieb A, Bibi M, Mellouli R, Khairi H. Oxytocin and misoprostol administered intravaginally for termination of pregnancy at 13 to 29 weeks of amenorrhea A prospective randomized trial [Apport de l'association d'ocytocine au misoprostol administre en intravaginal au cours des interruptions de grossesses entre 13 et 29 semaines d'amenorrhee. Essai clinique prospectif randomise]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2001;30(5):439‐43. - PubMed
Hidar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hidar S, Bouddebous M, Chaieb A, Jerbi M, Bibi M, Khairi H. Randomized controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol versus vaginal misoprostol and isosorbide dinitrate for termination of pregnancy at 13‐29 weeks. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005;273(3):157‐60. - PubMed
Hill 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hill NCW, Selinger M, Ferguson J, MacKenzie IZ. Management of intra‐uterine fetal death with vaginal administration of gemeprost or prostaglandin E2: a random allocation controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991;11:422‐6.
Hinshaw 1997 {published data only}
    1. Davis AR, Hendlish SK, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zhang J, Gilles JM, et al. Bleeding patterns after misoprostol vs surgical treatment of early pregnancy failure: results from a randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;196(1):31. - PubMed
    1. Henshaw RC, Hinshaw K, Smith NC, Templeton AA. The medical management of miscarriage. Fertility Society of Australia/Australasian Gynaecological Endoscopy Society; 1995 November 19‐25; Melbourne, Australia. 1995:FSA75.
    1. Hinshaw HKS. Medical management of miscarriage. In: Grundzinkas JG editor(s). Problems in Early Pregnancy ‐ Advances in Diagnosis and Management. London: RCOG, 1997.
    1. Hinshaw K, Rispin R, Henshaw R, Smith N, Templeton A. Medical versus surgical uterine evacuation in first trimester miscarriage: a prospective, pragmatic randomised trial. 27th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1995 July 4‐7; Dublin, Ireland. 1995:4.
    1. Hinshaw K, Rispin R, Smith N, Templeton A. Medical vs surgical management in first trimester miscarriage: a prospective, pragmatic random allocation trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1993;13(5):404‐5.
Hogg 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hogg B, Owen J. Laminaria versus extraamniotic saline infusion (EASI) for cervical ripening and mid‐trimester labor induction [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S135. - PubMed
Hombalegowda 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hombalegowda RB, Samapthkumar S, Vana H, Jogi P, Ramaiah R. A randomized controlled trial comparing different doses of intravaginal misoprostol for early pregnancy failure. Contraception 2015;92(4):364‐5.
Igogo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Igogo P, Karanja J, Kamau K, Tamooh H. Use of misoprostol for incomplete abortion in resource‐poor settings. Contraception 2015;92(4):370.
IRCT138902053797N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138902053797N1. Comparing the effects of multiple doses of misoprostol with single dose of misoprostol plus oxytocin in induction of second trimester abortion [Comparing effects of different doses of misoprostol in induction of second trimester abortion]. irct.ir/138902053797N1 (first received 12 June 2010).
Islam 2006 {published data only}
    1. Islam A, Abbasi AN, Sarwar I. Use of Foley's catheter and prostaglandin F‐2 alpha in second trimester termination of pregnancy. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 2006;18(3):35‐9. - PubMed
Jabir 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jabir M, Smeet R. Comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening before evacuation of first trimester missed miscarriage. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S209. - PubMed
    1. Jabir M, Smeet RI. Comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening before evacuation of first trimester missed miscarriage. Saudi Medical Journal 2009;30(1):82‐7. - PubMed
Jain 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jain JK, Mishell DR. A comparison of intravaginal misoprostol with prostaglandin E2 for termination of second‐trimester pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331:290‐3. - PubMed
Jain 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jain JK, Mishell DR. A comparison of misoprostol with and without laminaria tents for induction of second‐trimester abortion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;175:173‐7. - PubMed
Jain 1999 {published data only}
    1. Jain JK, Mishell DR. A comparison of two dosing regimens of intravaginal misoprostol for second‐trimester pregnancy termination. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;93:571‐5. - PubMed
Johnson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Johnson N, Priestnall M, Marsay T, Ballard P, Watters J. A randomised trial evaluating pain and bleeding after a first trimester miscarriage treated surgically or medically. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 1997;72(2):213‐5. - PubMed
Kaluaarachchi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kaluaarachchi A, Kopalakrishnan M. Surgical, medical or expectant management of first trimester miscarriage and its implications on clinical and psychological outcomes ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Sri Lanka Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2015;37(Suppl 1):17.
Kanhai 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kanhai HHH, Keirse MJNC. Induction of labour after fetal death: a randomized controlled trial of two prostaglandin regimens. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;96:1400‐4. - PubMed
    1. Kanhai HHH, Keirse MJNC. Intravenous administration of sulprostone for the induction of labour after fetal death: a randomized comparison of two dose schedules. 12th FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1988 October 23‐28; Brazil. 1988:201‐2.
    1. Kanhai HHH, Keirse MJNC. Intravenous administration of sulprostone for the induction of labour after fetal death: a randomized comparison of two dose schedules. First European Congress on Prostaglandins in Reproduction; 1988 July 6‐9; Vienna, Austria. 1988:45.
Kapp 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kapp N, Todd CS, Yadgarova KT, Alibayeva G, Nazarova D, Loza O, et al. A randomized comparison of misoprostol to intrauterine instillation of hypertonic saline plus a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue for second‐trimester induction termination in Uzbekistan. Contraception 2007;76(6):461‐6. - PubMed
Kara 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kara M, Ozden S, Eroglu M, Cetin A, Arioglu P. Comparison of misoprostol and dinoproston administration for the induction of labour in second trimester pregnancies in cases of intrauterine fetal loss. Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1999;11:13‐6.
Klingberg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg‐Allvin M, Cleeve A, Atuhairwe S, Mbona Tumwesigye N, Faxelid E, Byamugisha J, et al. Comparison of treatment of incomplete abortion with misoprostol by physicians and midwives at district level in Uganda: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E86. - PubMed
Klingberg‐Allvin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg‐Allvin M, Cleeve A, Atuhairwe S, Tumwesigye NM, Faxelid E, Byamugisha J, et al. Comparison of treatment of incomplete abortion with misoprostol by physicians and midwives at district level in Uganda: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Lancet 2015;385(9985):2392‐8. - PubMed
Kong 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kong GW, Lok IH, Yiu AK, Hui AS, Lai BP, Chung TK. Clinical and psychological impact after surgical, medical or expectant management of first‐trimester miscarriage ‐ a randomised controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2013;53(2):170‐7. - PubMed
Kovavisarach 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kovavisarach E, Sathapanachai U. Intravaginal 400 micrograms misoprostol for pregnancy termination in cases of blighted ovum: a randomised controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2002;42(2):161‐3. - PubMed
Kovavisarach 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kovavisarach E, Jamnansiri C. Intravaginal misoprostol 600 ug and 800 ug for the treatment of early pregnancy failure. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005;90(3):208‐12. - PubMed
Kushwah 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kushwah B, Singh A. Sublingual versus oral misoprostol for uterine evacuation following early pregnancy failure. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;106(1):43‐5. - PubMed
Kushwah 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kushwah DS, Kushwah B, Salman MT, Verma VK. Acceptability and safety profile of oral and sublingual misoprostol for uterine evacuation following early fetal demise. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2011;43(3):306‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Lelaidier 1993 {published data only}
    1. Lelaidier C, Baton‐Saint‐Mleux C, Fernandez H, Bourget P, Frydman R. Mifepristone (RU486) induces embryo expulsion in first trimester non‐developing pregnancies: a prospective randomized trial. Human Reproduction 1993;8(3):492‐5. - PubMed
Lippert 1978 {published data only}
    1. Lippert TH, Luthi A. Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 gel in cases of intrauterine fetal death. Prostaglandins 1978;15:533‐42. - PubMed
Lister 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lister MS, Shaffer LET, Bell JG, Lutter KQ, Moorma KH. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for management of early pregnancy failures. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193:1338‐43. - PubMed
Louey 2000 [pers comm] {published data only}
    1. Louey K. Misoprostol for the medical management of miscarriage (ongoing trial). Personal communication 2000.
Lu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lu PH, Lu J, Zou S. Comparisons of the effects of misoprostol by two different application on the treatment of missed abortion. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2014;21(2):159‐61.
Lughmani 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lughmani ST. A comparison of intravaginal misoprostol with prostaglandin E2 for termination of 1st trimester pregnancy. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(s1):179.
    1. Lughmani ST. A comparison of intravaginal misoprostol with prostaglandin E2 for termination of 1st trimester pregnancy. Double blind randomized trial [abstract]. 31st British International Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2007 July 4‐6; London, UK. 2007:209.
Machtinger 2004 {published data only}
    1. Machtinger R, Stockheim D, Goldenberg M, Soriano D, Atlas M, Seidman DS. A randomized prospective study of misoprostol alone or combined with mifepristone for treatment of first trimester spontaneous abortion [abstract]. Fertility and Sterility 2002; Vol. 78, issue 3 Suppl 1:S64.
    1. Machtinger R, Stockheim D, Shulman A, Dulitzki M, Schiff E, Seidman DS. A randomized prospective study comparing the effectiveness of four protocols for treatment of first trimester spontaneous abortion [abstract]. Fertility and Sterility 2004;82 Suppl 2:S80.
Makhlouf 2003 {published data only}
    1. Makhlouf AM, Al‐Hussaini TK, Habib DM, Makarem MH. Second‐trimester pregnancy termination: comparison of three different methods. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003;23:407‐11. - PubMed
Martin 1955 {published data only}
    1. Martin RH, Menzies DN. Oestrogen therapy in missed abortion and labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1955;62:256‐8. - PubMed
Moran 2005 {published data only}
    1. Moran T, Deutsch R. Methotrexate/misoprostol vs. a more standard approach for termination of pregnancies of undetermined location: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2005;50(10):784‐92. - PubMed
Mostafa‐Gharebaghi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mostafa‐Gharebaghi P, Mansourfar M, Sadeghi‐Bazargani H. Low dose vaginal misoprostol versus prostaglandin E2 suppository for early uterine evacuation: a randomized clinical trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2010;13(19):946‐50. - PubMed
Muffley 2002 {published data only}
    1. Muffley PE, Stitely ML, Gherman RB. Early intrauterine pregnancy failure: a randomized trial of medical versus surgical treatment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187:321‐6. - PubMed
Mulayim 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mulayim B, Celik NY, Onalan G, Zeyneloglu HB, Kuscu E. Sublingual misoprostol after surgical management of early termination of pregnancy. Fertility and Sterility 2009;92(2):678‐81. - PubMed
Nakintu 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nakintu N. A comparative study of vaginal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour in women with intra uterine fetal death in Mulago Hospital, Uganda. African Health Sciences 2001;1(2):55‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Nasreen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nasreen Z. What for early pregnancy failure manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) with small dose misoprostol or misoprostol alone?. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S539‐40.
NCT00141895 {published data only}
    1. NCT00141895. A randomized trial of two regimens of misoprostol for second trimester termination for intrauterine fetal death. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00141895 (first received 1 September 2005).
NCT00190294 {published data only}
    1. NCT00190294. Expectant versus immediate medical management for the evacuation of the nonevolutives pregnancies before 13 GW. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00190294 (first received 12 September 2005).
NCT00468299 {published data only}
    1. NCT00468299. MiMi: a randomized trial of mifepristone and misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00468299 (first received 1 May 2007).
Ng 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ng BK, Annamalai R, Lim PS, Aqmar Suraya S, Nur Azurah AG, Muhammad Abdul Jamil MY. Outpatient versus inpatient intravaginal misoprostol for the treatment of first trimester incomplete miscarriage: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;291:105‐13. - PubMed
Ngai 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ngai SW, Chan YM, Tang OS, Ho PC. Vaginal misoprostol as medical treatment for first trimester spontaneous miscarriage. Human Reproduction 2001;16(7):1493‐6. - PubMed
Ngoc 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ngoc NTN, Blum J, Westheimer E, Quan TV, Winikoff B. Medical treatment of missed abortion using misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004;87:138‐42. - PubMed
Nielsen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen S, Hahlin M, Platz‐Christensen J. Expectant management or pharmacological treatment for first trimester spontaneous abortion: a randomised trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997; Vol. 76, issue 167:77.
    1. Nielsen S, Hahlin M, Platz‐Christensen J. Randomised trial comparing expectant with medical management for first trimester miscarriages. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;106(8):804‐7. - PubMed
Niromanesh 2005 {published data only}
    1. Niromanesh S, Hashemi‐Fesharaki M, Mosavi‐Jarrahi A. Second trimester abortion using intravaginal misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2005;89:276‐7. - PubMed
Nor Azlin 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nor Azlin MI, Abdullah HS, Zainul Rashid MR, Jamil MA. Misoprostol (alone) in second trimester terminations of pregnancy: as effective as Gemeprost?. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;26(6):546‐9. - PubMed
Nuthalapaty 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nuthalapaty F, Ramsey P, Biggio J, Owen J. Comparative efficacy of high dose vaginal misoprostol for mid‐trimester labor induction [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191(6 Suppl 1):S73.
    1. Nuthalapaty FS, Ramsey PS, Biggio JR, Owen JO. High‐dose vaginal misoprostol versus concentrated oxytocin plus low‐dose vaginal misoprostol for midtrimester labor induction: a randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193:1065‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Nuutila 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nuutila M, Toivonen J, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmaki E. A comparison between two doses of intravaginal misoprostol and gemeprost for induction of second‐trimester abortion. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;90(6):896‐900. - PubMed
Owen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Owen J, Hauth JC. Vaginal misoprostol vs. concentrated oxytocin plus low‐dose prostaglandin E2 for second trimester pregnancy termination. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine 1999;8(2):48‐50. - PubMed
Pansky 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pansky M, Fuchs N, Ben AI, Tovbin Y, Halperin R, Vaknin Z, et al. Intercoat (Oxiplex/AP Gel) for preventing intrauterine adhesions following operative hysteroscopy for suspected retained products of conception ‐ A pilot study. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 2011;18(6 Suppl 1):S21. - PubMed
Paraskevaides 1992 {published data only}
    1. Paraskevaides E, Prendiville W, Stuart B, Scanaill SN, Walsh D, McGuinness N, et al. Medical evacuation of first trimester (twelve weeks gestation) incomplete abortion and missed abortion. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 1992;8(3):159‐63.
Perry 1999 {published data only}
    1. Perry KG, Rinehart BK, Terrone DA, Martin RW, May WL, Roberts WE. Second‐trimester uterine evacuation: a comparison of intra‐amniotic (15S)‐15‐methyl‐prostaglandin F2alpha and intravaginal misoprostol. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;181:1057‐61. - PubMed
Petersen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Petersen SG, Perkins A, Gibbons K, Bertolone J, Devenish‐Meares P, Cave D, et al. Can we use a lower intravaginal dose of misoprostol in the medical management of miscarriage? A randomised controlled study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2013;53(1):64‐73. - PubMed
Piotrowski 1979 {published data only}
    1. Piotrowski J, Basta A, Klimczyk K, Malolepazy A, Dluzniewska M, Splawinski JA. Indomethacin increases abortifacient effect of PGE2 in man. Prostaglandins 1979;17:451‐9. - PubMed
Pongsatha 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pongsatha S, Tongsong T. Intravaginal misoprostol for pregnancy termination. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004;87:176‐7. - PubMed
Ramsey 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ramsey PS, Savage K, Lincoln T, Owen J. Vaginal misoprostol versus concentrated oxytocin and vaginal PGE2 for second‐trimester labor induction. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;104(1):138‐45. - PubMed
Rausch 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rausch M, Lorch S, Chung K, Frederick M, Zhang J, Barnhart K. A cost‐effectiveness analysis of surgical versus medical management of early pregnancy loss. Fertility and Sterility 2012;97(2):355‐60.e1. - PMC - PubMed
Rita 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rita Gupta S, Kumar S. A randomised comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for medical management of first trimester missed abortion. JK Science 2006;8(1):35‐8.
Rivero‐Lopez 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rivero‐Lopez E, Marquez‐Maraver F, Duenas‐Diez JL, Cabezas‐Sanchez B. Deferred miscarriage: effectiveness of intravaginal misoprostol versus laminaria stems [Aborto diferido: eficacia del misoprostol intravaginal versus la aplicación de tallos de laminaria]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 1998;41:579‐81.
Roy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Roy G, Ferreira E, Hudon L, Marquette G. The efficacy of oral versus vaginal misoprostol for second‐trimester termination of pregnancy: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189(6 Suppl 1):S70.
Ruangchainikhom 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ruangchainikhom W, Phongphissanou E, Bhekasuta J, Sarapak S. Effectiveness of 400 or 600 micrograms of vaginal misoprostol for terminations of early pregnancies. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2006;89(7):928‐33. - PubMed
Saichua 2009 {published data only}
    1. Saichua C, Phupong V. A randomized controlled trial comparing powdery sublingual misoprostol and sublingual misoprostol tablet for management of embryonic death or anembryonic pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;280(3):431‐5. - PubMed
Salamalekis 1990 {published data only}
    1. Salamalekis E, Loghis C, Kassanos D, Traka A, Zourlas PA. Comparison of extra‐amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and dinoprostone use for labor induction after second trimester intrauterine fetal death. 12th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1990 Sept 11‐14; Lyon, France. 1990:228.
Sathapanachai 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sathapanachai U. Intravaginal 400 micrograms misoprostol for pregnancy termination in cases of blighted ovum. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;12(4):363. - PubMed
Shah 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shah N, Azam SI, Khan NH. Sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol in the management of missed miscarriage. JPMA ‐ Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2010;60(2):113‐6. - PubMed
Shaikh 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shaikh ZAN. Comparison between misoprostol alone and misoprostol with manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of missed and incomplete miscarriage. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(s1):83.
Shobeira 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shobeira JM, Atashkhoii S. Second trimester pregnancy termination by intravaginal and parenteral form of prostaglandin E2 [abstract]. 31st British International Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2007 July 4‐6; London, UK. 2007:210.
Shokry 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shokry M, Shahin AY, Fathalla MM, Shaaban OM. Oral misoprostol reduces vaginal bleeding following surgical evacuation for first trimester spontaneous abortion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;107(2):117‐20. - PubMed
Shuaib 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shuaib AA, Alharazi AH. Medical versus surgical termination of the first trimester missed miscarriage. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2013;49:13‐6.
Sonsanoh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sonsanoh A, Chullapram T. Comparison of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy failure: a randomized controlled trial. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2014;22(3):128‐36.
Sripramote 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sripramote M, Chatsuphang W. A randomized comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before uterine curettage in the first trimester of pregnancy. Vajira Medical Journal 2000;44(3):207‐15.
Stockheim 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stockheim D, Machtinger R, Wiser A, Dulitzky M, Soriano D, Goldenberg M, et al. A randomized prospective study of misoprostol or mifepristone followed by misoprostol when needed for the treatment of women with early pregnancy failure. Fertility and Sterility 2006; Vol. 86, issue 4:956‐60. - PubMed
Su 2005 {published data only}
    1. Su L‐L, Biswas A, Choolani M, Kalaichelvan V, Singh K. A prospective, randomized comparison of vaginal misoprostol versus intra‐amniotic prostaglandins for midtrimester termination of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193:1410‐4. - PubMed
Suchonwanit 1999 {published data only}
    1. Suchonwanit P. Comparative study between vaginal misoprostol 200 mg and 400 mg in first trimester intrauterine fetal death and anembryonic gestation. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;11(4):263.
Surita 1997 {published data only}
    1. Surita FGC. Misoprostol versus laminaria for cervical ripening in intrauterine fetal death. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1997;76(167):32.
Tang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tang OS, Lau WNT, Ng EHY, Lee SWH, Ho PCH. A prospective randomized study to compare the use of repeated doses of vaginal with sublingual misoprostol in the management of first trimester silent miscarriage. Human Reproduction 2003;18(1):176‐81. - PubMed
Tang 2006a {published data only}
    1. Tang OS, Ong CY, Tse KY, Ng EH, Lee SW, Ho PC. A randomized trial to compare the use of sublingual misoprostol with or without an additional 1 week course for the management of first trimester silent miscarriage. Human Reproduction 2006;21(1):189‐92. - PubMed
Tanha 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tanha FD. Comparison of the efficacy of two routes of misoprostol administration (sublingual and vaginal) for termination of second trimester pregnancy. en.search.irct.ir/view/1614 Date first received: 28 November 2010.
    1. Tanha FD, Feizi M, Shariat M. Sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for the management of missed abortion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2010;36(3):525‐32. - PubMed
Thavarasah 1986 {published data only}
    1. Thavarasah AS, Almohdzar SA. Prostaglandin (F2 alpha) in missed abortion Intravenous, extra‐amniotic and intramuscular administration‐‐a randomized study. Biological Research in Pregnancy and Perinatology 1986;7:106‐10. - PubMed
Thida 2015 {published data only}
    1. Thida M, Shwe MM, Htun KT, Maung NM, Khine EP, Win KSM, et al. A randomised clinical trial comparing different routes of administration of repeated doses of 400ug misoprostol for management of missed miscarriages and anembryonic gestations in North Okkalapa General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015;122(Suppl S1):26‐7.
Toppozada 1994 {published data only}
    1. Toppozada MK, Shaala SA, Anwar MY, Haiba NA, Abdrabbo S, El‐Absy HM. Termination of pregnancy with fetal death in the second and third trimesters ‐ the double balloon versus extra‐amniotic prostaglandin. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1994;45:269‐73. - PubMed
Torre 2012 {published data only}
    1. Torre A, Huchon C, Bussieres L, Machevin E, Camus E, Fauconnier A. Immediate versus delayed medical treatment for first‐trimester miscarriage: a randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(3):215.e1‐6. - PubMed
Wood 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wood SL, Brain PH. Medical management of missed abortion: a randomized clinical trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;99(4):563‐6. - PubMed
Yapar 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yapar EG, Senoz S, Urkutur M, Batioglu S, Gokmen O. Second trimester pregnancy termination including fetal death: comparison of five different methods. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 1996;69:97‐102. - PubMed
Yilmaz 2005 {published data only}
    1. Yilmaz B, Kelekci S, Ertas IE, Kahyaoglu S, Ozel M, Sut N, et al. Misoprostol moistened with acetic acid or saline for second trimester pregnancy termination: a randomized prospective double‐blind trial. Human Reproduction 2005;20(11):3067‐71. - PubMed
Yilmaz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yilmaz B, Kelekci S, Ertas IE, Ozel M, Sut N, Mollamahmutoglu L, et al. Randomized comparison of second trimester pregnancy termination utilizing saline moistened or dry misoprostol. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2007;276(5):511‐6. - PubMed
Yu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Yu X H. Clinical observation of 42 cases of mifepristone and Misoprostol in missed abortion. Journal of Chinese Medical Writing 2000;7(5):552‐3.
Zhang 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zhang C, Cheng W. A contrastive analysis of the efficacy of misoprostol and li fan nuo in intermediate term of pregnancy. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition) 2000;23(4):409‐11.

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN65305620 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN65305620. Is misoprostol a safe alternative to manual vacuum aspiration in women with early pregnancy failure in a low resource setting?. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN65305620 (first received 1 February 2008).
NCT01033903 {published data only}
    1. NCT01033903. Which is the optimal treatment for miscarriage with a gestational sac in the uterus and which factors can predict if the treatment will be successful? [Optimal treatment of miscarriage]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01033903 (first received 16 December 2009).

Additional references

Aleman 2005
    1. Aleman A, Althabe F, Belizán J, Bergel E. Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003576.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Alfirevic 2014
    1. Alfirevic Z, Alfaifel N, Weeks A. Oral misoprostol for induction of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001338.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ankum 2001
    1. Ankum WM, Wieringa‐de Waard M, Bindels PJE. Management of spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester: an example of putting informed shared decision making into practice. BMJ 2001;322:1343‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Arthur 2007
    1. Arthur P, Taggart MJ, Mitchell BF. Oxytocin and parturition: a role for increased myometrial calcium and calcium sensitization?. Frontiers in Bioscience 2007;12:619‐33. - PubMed
Atkins 2004
    1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck‐Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;328(7454):1490. - PMC - PubMed
Balogun 2016
    1. Balogun O, Silva Lopes K, Ota E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, et al. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bamigboye 2003
    1. Bamigboye AA, Morris J. Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004353] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Calvache 2012
    1. Calvache JA, Delgado‐Noguera MF, Lesaffre E, Stolker RJ. Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008681.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chung 1995
    1. Chung TKH, Cheung LP, Leung TY, Haines CJ, Chang AMZ. Misoprostol in the management of spontaneous abortion. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102:832‐5. - PubMed
Costa 1993
    1. Costa SH, Vessey MP. Misoprostol and illegal abortion in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lancet 1993;341:1258‐61. - PubMed
de Jong PG 2014
    1. Jong PG, Kaandorp S, Nisio M, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S. Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004734.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dodd 2010
    1. Dodd JM, Crowther CA. Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004901] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Empson 2005
    1. Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002859.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fonseca 1991
    1. Fonseca W, Alencar AJC, Mota FSB, Coelho HLL. Misoprostol and congenital malformations. Lancet 1991;338:56. - PubMed
Haas 2013
    1. Haas DM, Ramsey PS. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Harris 2007
    1. Harris LH, Dalton VK, Johnson TRB. Surgical management of early pregnancy failure: history, politics, and safe, cost‐effective care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;196(5):445.e1‐5. - PubMed
Harwood 2008
    1. Harwood B, Nansel T, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Management of Early Pregnancy Failure Trial. Quality of life and acceptability of medical versus surgical management of early pregnancy failure. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(4):501‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Hawk 1985
    1. Hawk HW, Conley HH. Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha, phenylephrine and ergonovine on uterine contractions in the ewe. Journal of Animal Science 1985;60(2):537‐43. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hofmeyr 2010
    1. Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM, Pileggi C. Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000941] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jain 2002
    1. Jain JK, Dutton C, Harwood B, Meckstroth KR, Mishell DR Jr. A prospective randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial comparing mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol to vaginal misoprostol alone for elective termination of early pregnancy. Human Reproduction 2002;17(6):1477‐82. - PubMed
Kawarabayashi 1990
    1. Kawarabayashi T, Kishikawa T, Sugimori H. Effect of methylergometrine maleate (methergin) on electrical and mechanical activities of pregnant human myometrium. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1990;24(4):246‐9. - PubMed
Klier 2002
    1. Klier CM, Geller PA, Ritsher JB. Affective disorders in the aftermath of miscarriage: a comprehensive review. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2002;5:129‐49. - PubMed
Kulier 2011
    1. Kulier R, Kapp N, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Cheng LN, Campana A. Medical methods for first trimester abortion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2007
    1. Lewis G, editor. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer ‐ 2003‐2005. The seventh report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH, 2007.
Lohr 2008
    1. Lohr PA, Hayes JL, Gemzell‐Danielsson K. Surgical versus medical methods for second trimester induced abortion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006714.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Lok 2007
    1. Lok IH, Neugebauer R. Psychological morbidity following miscarriage. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2007;21(2):229‐47. - PubMed
Luise 2002
    1. Luise C, Jermy K, May C, Costello G, Collins WP, Bourne TH. Outcome of expectant management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: observational study. BMJ 2002;324:873‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Mota‐Rojas 2007
    1. Mota‐Rojas D, Villanueva‐García D, Velazquez‐Armenta EY, Nava‐Ocampo AA, Ramírez‐Necoechea R, Alonso‐Spilsbury M, et al. Influence of time at which oxytocin is administered during labor on uterine activity and perinatal death in pigs. Biological Research 2007;40(1):55‐63. - PubMed
Murphy 2012
    1. Murphy FA, Lipp A, Powles DL. Follow‐up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008679.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nanda 2012
    1. Nanda K, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Peloggia A, Nanda G. Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003518.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Neilson 2006
    1. Neilson JP, Hickey M, Vazquez J. Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002253.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Norman 1991
    1. Norman JE, Thong KJ, Baird DT. Uterine contractility and induction of abortion in early pregnancy by misoprostol and mifepristone. Lancet 1991;338:1233‐6. - PubMed
Ramphal 2006
    1. Ramphal SR, Moodley J. Emergency gynaecology. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2006;20(5):729‐50. - PubMed
RCOG 2006
    1. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Early Pregnancy Loss. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Guideline No. 25. London: RCOG, 2006.
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Sawyer 2007
    1. Sawyer E, Ofuasia E, Ofili‐Yebovi D, Helmy S, Gonzalez J, Jurkovic D. The value of measuring endometrial thickness and volume on transvaginal ultrasound scan for the diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;29(2):205‐9. - PubMed
Say 2010
    1. Say L, Brahmi D, Kulier R, Campana A, Gülmezoglu M. Medical versus surgical methods for first trimester termination of pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003037.pub2] - DOI
Shiers 2003
    1. Shiers C. Abnormalities of early pregnancy. In: Fraser DM, Cooper MA editor(s). Myles Textbook for Midwives. 14th Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
Smith 2009
    1. Smith LFP, Ewings PD, Quinlan C. Incidence of pregnancy after expectant, medical, or surgical management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: long term follow‐up of miscarriage treatment (MIST) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;339(1766):b3827. - PMC - PubMed
Swanson 1999
    1. Swanson KM. Effects of caring, measurement, and time on miscarriage impact and women's well‐being. Nursing Research 1999;48(6):288‐98. - PubMed
Tang 2006b
    1. Tang OS, Ho PC. The use of misoprostol for early pregnancy failure. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;18(6):581‐6. - PubMed
Thapar 1992
    1. Thapar AK, Thapar A. Psychological sequelae of miscarriage: a controlled study using the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. British Journal of General Practice 1992;42(356):94‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Tuncalp 2010
    1. Tuncalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP. Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tuncalp 2012
    1. Tunçalp Ö, Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM. Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000494.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Weeks 2001
    1. Weeks A, Alia G. Ultrasonography may have role in assessing spontaneous miscarriage. BMJ 2001;323:694. - PMC - PubMed
Wildschut 2011
    1. Wildschut HIJ, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N. Medical methods for mid‐trimester termination of pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wong 2014
    1. Wong LF, Porter TF, Scott JR. Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000112.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zieman 1997
    1. Zieman M, Fong SK, Benowitz NL, Bankster D, Darney PD. Absorption kinetics of misoprostol with oral or vaginal administration. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;90:88‐92. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Neilson 2008
    1. Neilson JP, Gyte GML, Hickey M, Vazquez JC. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (less than 24 weeks). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007223] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Neilson 2010
    1. Neilson JP, Gyte GML, Hickey M, Vazquez JC, Dou L. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (less than 24 weeks). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007223.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Neilson 2013
    1. Neilson JP, Gyte GML, Hickey M, Vazquez JC, Dou L. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007223.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources