Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014

Scott T McClure^{1

2}, Alex R Chang^{3

4

5}, Elizabeth Selvin^{6

7

8}, Casey M Rebholz^{9

10}, Lawrence J Appel^{11

12

13}

Affiliations

¹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
² Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
³ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁴ Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁵ Division of Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁶ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁸ Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
¹¹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
¹³ Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.

PMID: 28146091
PMCID: PMC5331526
DOI: 10.3390/nu9020095

Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014

Scott T McClure et al. Nutrients. 2017.

. 2017 Jan 30;9(2):95.

doi: 10.3390/nu9020095.

Authors

Scott T McClure^{1

2}, Alex R Chang^{3

4

5}, Elizabeth Selvin^{6

7

8}, Casey M Rebholz^{9

10}, Lawrence J Appel^{11

12

13}

Affiliations

¹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
² Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
³ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁴ Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁵ Division of Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
⁶ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁸ Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
⁹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
¹¹ Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
¹³ Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.

PMID: 28146091
PMCID: PMC5331526
DOI: 10.3390/nu9020095

Abstract

Interest in the health effects of dietary phosphorus is burgeoning, yet sources and trends in phosphorus consumption have not been well characterized. We describe trends in and primary sources of dietary phosphorus in a nationally representative sample of 34,741 US adults, 20+ years old (NHANES 2001-2014). Dietary sources of phosphorus were estimated in nine food groups and 26 food categories. Phosphorus consumption was expressed in absolute intake, phosphorus density, and proportion contributed by dietary sources. Between 2001 and 2014, dietary phosphorus intake increased from 1345 to 1399 mg/day (p-trend = 0.02), while calorie intake slightly declined (p-trend = 0.1). Grains were the largest dietary phosphorus source, followed by meats, and milk products. Soft drinks accounted for just 3.3% of total dietary phosphorus. Phosphorus intake from grains increased 68 mg/day (p < 0.001), 25 mg/day from meats (p = 0.02), and decreased 75 mg/day (p < 0.001) from milk products. Dietary phosphorus intake and the phosphorus density of the diet are increasing. Grains are an important dietary phosphorus source that has increased in total consumption and phosphorus density. Further research is needed to determine if this is due to individuals' selection of grains or the composition of those available.

Keywords: NHANES-WWEIA; diet; food groups; phosphorus; soda.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No authors have a conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Estimated total dietary phosphorus contributed by the top 3 USDA food groups. Error bars represent a 95% confidence interval.

**Figure 2**
Estimated total dietary phosphorus contributed by the bottom 6 USDA food groups. Error bars represent a 95% confidence interval.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Reply to Itkonen and Lamberg-Allardt's Letter to the Editor Re: McClure et al. Nutrients 2017, 9, 95.
McClure ST, Appel LJ. McClure ST, et al. Nutrients. 2017 Jul 26;9(8):804. doi: 10.3390/nu9080804. Nutrients. 2017. PMID: 28933741 Free PMC article.

References

1. Department of Health and Human Services and USDA Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. [(accessed on 11 September 2016)]; Updated 2015. Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/Scientif....
1. Andrassy K.M. Comments on ‘KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease’. Kidney Int. 2013;84:622–623. doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.243. - DOI - PubMed
1. Palmer S.C., Hayen A., Macaskill P., Pellegrini F., Craig J.C., Elder G.J., Strippoli G.F. Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:1119–1127. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.308. - DOI - PubMed
1. Tonelli M., Sacks F., Pfeffer M., Gao Z., Curhan G., Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators Relation between serum phosphate level and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation. 2005;112:2627–2633. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553198. - DOI - PubMed
1. Schwarz S., Trivedi B.K., Kalantar-Zadeh K., Kovesdy C.P. Association of disorders in mineral metabolism with progression of chronic kidney disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;1:825–831. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02101205. - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014

Affiliations

Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Comment in

References

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources