. 2017 Mar;49(3):426-432.

doi: 10.1038/ng.3752. Epub 2017 Feb 6.

Genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap with loci for lung function and pulmonary fibrosis

Brian D Hobbs^{1

2}, Kim de Jong^{3

4}, Maxime Lamontagne⁵, Yohan Bossé^{5

6}, Nick Shrine⁷, María Soler Artigas⁷, Louise V Wain⁷, Ian P Hall⁸, Victoria E Jackson⁷, Annah B Wyss⁹, Stephanie J London⁹, Kari E North¹⁰, Nora Franceschini¹⁰, David P Strachan¹¹, Terri H Beaty¹², John E Hokanson¹³, James D Crapo¹⁴, Peter J Castaldi^{1

15}, Robert P Chase¹, Traci M Bartz^{16

17

18}, Susan R Heckbert^{16

19

20}, Bruce M Psaty^{16

17

19

20

21}, Sina A Gharib²², Pieter Zanen²³, Jan W Lammers²³, Matthijs Oudkerk²⁴, H J Groen²⁵, Nicholas Locantore²⁶, Ruth Tal-Singer²⁶, Stephen I Rennard^{27

28}, Jørgen Vestbo²⁹, Wim Timens³⁰, Peter D Paré³¹, Jeanne C Latourelle³², Josée Dupuis^{33

34}, George T O'Connor^{34

35}, Jemma B Wilk³⁴, Woo Jin Kim³⁶, Mi Kyeong Lee³⁶, Yeon-Mok Oh³⁷, Judith M Vonk^{3

4}, Harry J de Koning³⁸, Shuguang Leng³⁹, Steven A Belinsky³⁹, Yohannes Tesfaigzi³⁹, Ani Manichaikul^{40

41}, Xin-Qun Wang⁴¹, Stephen S Rich^{40

41}, R Graham Barr⁴², David Sparrow⁴³, Augusto A Litonjua^{1

2}, Per Bakke⁴⁴, Amund Gulsvik⁴⁴, Lies Lahousse^{45

46}, Guy G Brusselle^{45

46

47}, Bruno H Stricker^{45

48

49

50}, André G Uitterlinden^{45

49

50}, Elizabeth J Ampleford⁵¹, Eugene R Bleecker⁵¹, Prescott G Woodruff⁵², Deborah A Meyers⁵¹, Dandi Qiao¹, David A Lomas⁵³, Jae-Joon Yim⁵⁴, Deog Kyeom Kim⁵⁵, Iwona Hawrylkiewicz⁵⁶, Pawel Sliwinski⁵⁶, Megan Hardin^{1

2

28}, Tasha E Fingerlin^{57

58}, David A Schwartz^{57

59

60}, Dirkje S Postma^{4

25}, William MacNee⁶¹, Martin D Tobin^{7

62}, Edwin K Silverman^{1

2}, H Marike Boezen^{3

4}, Michael H Cho^{1

2}; COPDGene Investigators; ECLIPSE Investigators; LifeLines Investigators; SPIROMICS Research Group; International COPD Genetics Network Investigators; UK BiLEVE Investigators; International COPD Genetics Consortium

Affiliations

¹ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
² Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁴ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵ Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.
⁶ Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
⁷ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
⁸ Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁹ Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
¹¹ Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
¹² Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹³ Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
¹⁵ Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁶ Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²⁰ Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²¹ Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²² Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, UW Medicine Sleep Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
²⁴ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
²⁵ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
²⁶ GSK R&D, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁷ Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
²⁸ Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
²⁹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁰ Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³¹ University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation and Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³² Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³³ Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁴ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
³⁸ Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁹ Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁰ Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴² Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴³ VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁴⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
⁴⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁸ Netherlands Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, the Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁵¹ Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁵² Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁵³ University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁴ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁵ Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁶ 2nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
⁵⁷ Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
⁵⁸ Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁵⁹ Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁶⁰ Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁶¹ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶² National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.

PMID: 28166215
PMCID: PMC5381275
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3752

Genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap with loci for lung function and pulmonary fibrosis

Brian D Hobbs et al. Nat Genet. 2017 Mar.

. 2017 Mar;49(3):426-432.

doi: 10.1038/ng.3752. Epub 2017 Feb 6.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
² Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁴ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵ Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.
⁶ Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
⁷ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
⁸ Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁹ Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
¹¹ Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
¹² Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹³ Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
¹⁵ Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁶ Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²⁰ Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²¹ Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²² Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, UW Medicine Sleep Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
²⁴ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
²⁵ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
²⁶ GSK R&D, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁷ Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
²⁸ Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
²⁹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁰ Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³¹ University of British Columbia Center for Heart Lung Innovation and Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³² Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³³ Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁴ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
³⁸ Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁹ Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁰ Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴² Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴³ VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁴⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
⁴⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁸ Netherlands Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, the Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁵¹ Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁵² Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁵³ University College London, London, UK.
⁵⁴ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁵ Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁶ 2nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
⁵⁷ Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
⁵⁸ Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁵⁹ Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁶⁰ Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
⁶¹ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶² National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.

PMID: 28166215
PMCID: PMC5381275
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3752

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. We performed a genetic association study in 15,256 cases and 47,936 controls, with replication of select top results (P < 5 × 10^-6) in 9,498 cases and 9,748 controls. In the combined meta-analysis, we identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance, including 13 new associations with COPD. Nine of these 13 loci have been associated with lung function in general population samples, while 4 (EEFSEC, DSP, MTCL1, and SFTPD) are new. We noted two loci shared with pulmonary fibrosis (FAM13A and DSP) but that had opposite risk alleles for COPD. None of our loci overlapped with genome-wide associations for asthma, although one locus has been implicated in joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity. We also identified genetic correlation between COPD and asthma. Our findings highlight new loci associated with COPD, demonstrate the importance of specific loci associated with lung function to COPD, and identify potential regions of genetic overlap between COPD and other respiratory diseases.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Financial Interest Statements:

I.P.H. has received grant support from Pfizer.

P.J.C. has received research funding from GSK.

B.P. serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson.

N.L. and R.T-S. are shareholders and employees of GSK.

S.I.R. is a current employee and shareholder at AstraZeneca. He has served as a consultant, participated in advisory boards, received honorarium for speaking or grant support from: American Board of Internal Medicine, Advantage Healthcare, Almirall, American Thoracic Society, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ClearView Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Complete Medical Group, CSL, Dailchi Sankyo, Decision Resources, Forest, Gerson Lehman, Grifols, GroupH, Guidepoint Global, Haymarket, Huron Consulting, Inthought, Johnson and Johnson, Methodist Health System – Dallas, NCI Consulting, Novartis, Pearl, Penn Technology, Pfizer, PlanningShop, PSL FirstWord, Qwessential, Takeda, Theron and WebMD.

W.T. reports reports fees to the Department, all outside the submitted work, from Pfizer, GSK, Chiesi, Roche Diagnostics/Ventana, Biotest, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Lilly Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, and grants from Dutch Asthma Fund.

J.C.L. is currently an employee of GNS Healthcare in Cambridge, MA.

J.B.W. was employed by Pfizer during the time this research was performed.

P.B. has received consulting and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Novartis, and Teva.

L.L. has performed consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, received an AstraZeneca Scientific Award and travel support from Novartis, European Respiratory Society, and the Belgian Respiratory Society.

P.G.W. has consulted for Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis, Genentech/Roche, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Neostem and has had research grants from Pfizer and Genentech.

D.L. received grant support, honoraria and consultancy fees from GSK for work on the ICGN and ECLIPSE studies, and was a member and then Chaired the GSK Respiratory Therapy Area Board (2009–2015).

M.H. is a current employee at AstraZeneca.

D.A.S. is serving on the scientific advisory boards of Apellis Pharmaceuticals and Pliant Therapeutics, and is the founder and owner of Eleven P15.

D.S.P. - The University of Groningen has received money for Professor Postma regarding a grant for research from Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, Genentec, GSK and Roche. Fees for consultancies were given to the University of Groningen by Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Takeda and TEVA.

E.K.S. has received honoraria and consulting fees from Merck, grant support and consulting fees from GSK, and honoraria and travel support from Novartis.

M.H.C. has received grant support from GSK.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Study design showing cohorts used in each stage of the analysis. ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, B58 = British 1958 Birth Cohort, CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study, COPACETIC = COPD Pathology: Addressing Critical gaps, Early Treatment & Diagnosis and Innovative Concepts, ECLIPSE = Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points, eQTL = Lung Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Study, FHS = Framingham Heart Study, KARE = Korean Association Resource project, MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, NETT-NAS = National Emphysema Treatment Trial/Normative Aging Study, RS = Rotterdam Study, SPIROMICS = Subpopulations and intermediate outcome measures in COPD study, EOCOPD = Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, ICGN = International COPD Genetics Network, TCGS = Transcontinental COPD Genetics Study, UK BiLEVE = UK Biobank Lung Exome Variant Evaluation; NHW = Non-Hispanic white, AA = African American, EA = European American. * Studies without genome-wide array genotyping (custom genotyping)

**Figure 2**
Manhattan plot showing P values for Stage 1 analysis (small open diamonds) with overlay of overall meta-analysis P values for SNPs analyzed in UK BiLEVE Stage 2 analysis (filled circles). Gene names in gray are previously described COPD or lung function (FEV₁ or FEV₁/FVC) loci; black are novel loci discovered in this study. The Stage 1 cohorts with available genotyping data (Supplementary Figures 1a–v) and the UK BiLEVE cohort determined the sample size for each top variant. The red dashed line indicates the threshold for genome-wide significance (P value < 5×10⁻⁸).

**Figure 3. a–d Regional association for novel loci**
LocusZoom plots showing regional association of variants at the four novel COPD loci. The point size is proportional to the sample size, where Stage 1 cohorts with available genotyping data (Supplementary Figures 1a–v) and the UK BiLEVE cohort determined the sample size for each top variant.

**Figure 4. Genetic correlation (using LD score regression) between COPD and other traits**
Shading and numbers represents strength of correlation. An asterisk indicates nominal (P < 0.05) significance, and a double asterisk indicates significant after Bonferroni correction for number of pairwise comparisons. fev1fvc and fev1 = lung function (FEV1/FVC ratio and FEV₁ from CHARGE/SpiroMeta, asthma taken from the asthma GWAS by the GABRIEL Consortium, ild = pulmonary fibrosis from Fingerlin et al.^,, bilSmk = subset of smokers in the UK BiLEVE study, smkCpd = cigarettes per day smoking from the Tobacco and Genetics (TAG) Consortium, smkFormer = current versus former smokers from TAG, smkOnset = age of smoking initiation from TAG, smkEver = ever versus never smoking from TAG. cad = coronary artery disease from the CARDIoGRAM study, height and bmi (body mass index) from the GIANT consortium, bmdLumbar and bmdFemoral = lumbar and femoral bone mineral density, respectively, from the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GeFOS) Consortium.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Vestbo J, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:347–65. - PubMed
1. Hancock DB, et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple loci associated with pulmonary function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:45–52. - PMC - PubMed
1. Repapi E, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet. 2010;42:36–44. - PMC - PubMed
1. Soler Artigas M, et al. Genome-wide association and large-scale follow up identifies 16 new loci influencing lung function. Nat Genet. 2011;43:1082–90. - PMC - PubMed
1. Hancock DB, et al. Genome-wide joint meta-analysis of SNP and SNP-by-smoking interaction identifies novel loci for pulmonary function. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1003098. - PMC - PubMed

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Genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap with loci for lung function and pulmonary fibrosis

Affiliations

Genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap with loci for lung function and pulmonary fibrosis

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Molecular Biology Databases

Miscellaneous