How anthropogenic changes may affect soil-borne parasite diversity? Plant-parasitic nematode communities associated with olive trees in Morocco as a case study

Abstract

Background: Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are major crop pests. On olive (Olea europaea), they significantly contribute to economic losses in the top-ten olive producing countries in the world especially in nurseries and under cropping intensification. The diversity and the structure of PPN communities respond to environmental and anthropogenic forces. The olive tree is a good host plant model to understand the impact of such forces on PPN diversity since it grows according to different modalities (wild, feral and cultivated olives). A wide soil survey was conducted in several olive-growing regions in Morocco. The taxonomical and the functional diversity as well as the structures of PPN communities were described and then compared between non-cultivated (wild and feral forms) and cultivated (traditional and high-density olive cultivation) olives.

Results: A high diversity of PPN with the detection of 117 species and 47 genera was revealed. Some taxa were recorded for the first time on olive trees worldwide and new species were also identified. Anthropogenic factors (wild vs cultivated conditions) strongly impacted the PPN diversity and the functional composition of communities because the species richness, the local diversity and the evenness of communities significantly decreased and the abundance of nematodes significantly increased in high-density conditions. Furthermore, these conditions exhibited many more obligate and colonizer PPN and less persister PPN compared to non-cultivated conditions. Taxonomical structures of communities were also impacted: genera such as Xiphinema spp. and Heterodera spp. were dominant in wild olive, whereas harmful taxa such as Meloidogyne spp. were especially enhanced in high-density orchards.

Conclusions: Olive anthropogenic practices reduce the PPN diversity in communities and lead to changes of the community structures with the development of some damaging nematodes. The study underlined the PPN diversity as a relevant indicator to assess community pathogenicity. That could be taken into account in order to design control strategies based on community rearrangements and interactions between species instead of reducing the most pathogenic species.

Keywords: Anthropisation; Communities; Functional diversity; Morocco; Olive; Plant-parasitic nematodes; Taxonomical structures.

Fig. 1

Sites sampled in Morocco. Olive-growing modalities are given for each site

Fig. 2

Plant-parasitic nematode communities in the olive areas surveyed in Morocco. a Dominance diagram of the nematode genera. Codes for nematode genera are given in Table 6. Dotted lines indicate delineation between low and high abundances and frequencies as described in [34]. b Plant-parasitic nematode community patterns (PCA loading plot for the nematode genera)

Fig. 3

CIA loading plot for the nematode genera and the olive modalities. Histograms represent the mean comparisons of nematode abundances between olive-growing modality groups arranged according to their CIA1 eigenvalues. WO wild olive, FO feral olive, TR traditional cultivation, HD high-density cultivation