Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations

Abstract

It is well reported that expert athletes have refined perceptual-cognitive skills and fixate on more informative areas during representative tasks. These perceptual-cognitive skills are also crucial to performance within the domain of sports officials. We examined the visual scan patterns of elite and sub-elite association football referees while assessing foul play situations. These foul play situations (open play and corner kick situations) were presented on a Tobii T120 Eye Tracking monitor. The elite referees made more accurate decisions and differences in their visual search behaviors were observed. For the open play situations, referees in the elite group spent significantly more time fixating the most informative area of the attacking player (contact zone) and less time fixating the body part that was not involved in the infringement (non-contact zone). Furthermore, the average total fixation time in the contact zone and non-contact zone tended to differ between the elite and sub-elite referees in corner kick situations. In conclusion, elite level referees have learned to discern relevant from less-relevant information in the same way as expert athletes. Findings have implications for the development of perceptual training programs for sport officials.

Keywords: Decision making; Expertise; Eye-tracking; Sports officials.

Fig. 1

Example of an open play situation with a visualization of the different areas of interest

Fig. 2

Example of a corner kick situation with a visualization of the different areas of interest

Fig. 3

Average total fixation times (and standard errors) in each area of interest across the open play situations for the elite and sub-elite group of referees. *P < 0.05

Fig. 4

Average total fixation times (and standard errors) in each area of interest across the corner kick situations for the elite and sub-elite group of referees