Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub5.
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Affiliations
- PMID: 28196405
- PMCID: PMC6472671
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub5
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking remains one of the few preventable factors associated with complications in pregnancy, and has serious long-term implications for women and babies. Smoking in pregnancy is decreasing in high-income countries, but is strongly associated with poverty and is increasing in low- to middle-income countries.
Objectives: To assess the effects of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy on smoking behaviour and perinatal health outcomes.
Search methods: In this sixth update, we searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (13 November 2015), checked reference lists of retrieved studies and contacted trial authors.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, cluster-randomised trials, and quasi-randomised controlled trials of psychosocial smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and trial quality, and extracted data. Direct comparisons were conducted in RevMan, with meta-regression conducted in STATA 14.
Main results: The overall quality of evidence was moderate to high, with reductions in confidence due to imprecision and heterogeneity for some outcomes. One hundred and two trials with 120 intervention arms (studies) were included, with 88 trials (involving over 28,000 women) providing data on smoking abstinence in late pregnancy. Interventions were categorised as counselling, health education, feedback, incentives, social support, exercise and dissemination.In separate comparisons, there is high-quality evidence that counselling increased smoking cessation in late pregnancy compared with usual care (30 studies; average risk ratio (RR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.73) and less intensive interventions (18 studies; average RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.47). There was uncertainty whether counselling increased the chance of smoking cessation when provided as one component of a broader maternal health intervention or comparing one type of counselling with another. In studies comparing counselling and usual care (largest comparison), it was unclear whether interventions prevented smoking relapse among women who had stopped smoking spontaneously in early pregnancy. However, a clear effect was seen in smoking abstinence at zero to five months postpartum (11 studies; average RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.01) and 12 to 17 months (two studies, average RR 2.20, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.96), with a borderline effect at six to 11 months (six studies; average RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.77). In other comparisons, the effect was unclear for most secondary outcomes, but sample sizes were small.Evidence suggests a borderline effect of health education compared with usual care (five studies; average RR 1.59, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.55), but the quality was downgraded to moderate as the effect was unclear when compared with less intensive interventions (four studies; average RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.70), alternative interventions (one study; RR 1.88, 95% CI 0.19 to 18.60), or when smoking cessation health education was provided as one component of a broader maternal health intervention.There was evidence feedback increased smoking cessation when compared with usual care and provided in conjunction with other strategies, such as counselling (average RR 4.39, 95% CI 1.89 to 10.21), but the confidence in the quality of evidence was downgraded to moderate as this was based on only two studies and the effect was uncertain when feedback was compared to less intensive interventions (three studies; average RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.20).High-quality evidence suggests incentive-based interventions are effective when compared with an alternative (non-contingent incentive) intervention (four studies; RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.09). However pooled effects were not calculable for comparisons with usual care or less intensive interventions (substantial heterogeneity, I2 = 93%).High-quality evidence suggests the effect is unclear in social support interventions provided by peers (six studies; average RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.07), in a single trial of support provided by partners, or when social support for smoking cessation was provided as part of a broader intervention to improve maternal health.The effect was unclear in single interventions of exercise compared to usual care (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.01) and dissemination of counselling (RR 1.63, 95% CI 0.62 to 4.32).Importantly, high-quality evidence from pooled results demonstrated that women who received psychosocial interventions had a 17% reduction in infants born with low birthweight, a significantly higher mean birthweight (mean difference (MD) 55.60 g, 95% CI 29.82 to 81.38 g higher) and a 22% reduction in neonatal intensive care admissions. However the difference in preterm births and stillbirths was unclear. There did not appear to be adverse psychological effects from the interventions.The intensity of support women received in both the intervention and comparison groups has increased over time, with higher-intensity interventions more likely to have higher-intensity comparisons, potentially explaining why no clear differences were seen with increasing intervention intensity in meta-regression analyses. Among meta-regression analyses: studies classified as having 'unclear' implementation and unequal baseline characteristics were less effective than other studies. There was no clear difference between trials implemented by researchers (efficacy studies), and those implemented by routine pregnancy staff (effectiveness studies), however there was uncertainty in the effectiveness of counselling in four dissemination trials where the focus on the intervention was at an organisational level. The pooled effects were similar in interventions provided for women classified as having predominantly low socio-economic status, compared to other women. The effect was significant in interventions among women from ethnic minority groups; however not among indigenous women. There were similar effect sizes in trials with biochemically validated smoking abstinence and those with self-reported abstinence. It was unclear whether incorporating use of self-help manuals or telephone support increased the effectiveness of interventions.
Authors' conclusions: Psychosocial interventions to support women to stop smoking in pregnancy can increase the proportion of women who stop smoking in late pregnancy and the proportion of infants born low birthweight. Counselling, feedback and incentives appear to be effective, however the characteristics and context of the interventions should be carefully considered. The effect of health education and social support is less clear. New trials have been published during the preparation of this review and will be included in the next update.
Conflict of interest statement
Catherine Chamberlain is receiving an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (1088813). She was also awarded an NIHR Cochrane Review Incentive Scheme award (15/81/18) to support the preparation of this updated review. Catherine Chamberlain is also an author on the Cochrane Review entitled 'Pharmacological Interventions to promote smoking cessation in pregnancy" (Coleman 2015).
Alison O'Mara‐Eves: none known.
Jessie Porter: none known.
Tim Coleman has, in received awards from NIHR, HTA and NIHR paid to his institution. These awards have been used to run research projects. He has also received a single payment from Pierre Fabre Laboratories, France, for speaking at an educational meeting arranged by Pierre Fabre Laboratories (who are manufacturers of nicotine replacement therapy). PFL are a manufacturer of transdermal nicotine patches ‐ the content of the presentation was not vetted and no attempt was made to influence the content of the presentation. Tim Colemans is also an author and contact person for the Cochrane Review entitled 'Pharmacological Interventions to promote smoking cessation in pregnancy" (Coleman 2015).
Susan M Perlen: none known.
James Thomas: none known.
Joanne E McKenzie: none known.
Figures
Logic model for systematic review analysis of potential factors impacting on efficacy of interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy.
Funnel plot of comparison: 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, outcome: 20.1 Abstinence in late pregnancy: self‐reported and biochemically validated.
Flow chart of included studies
Intensity (duration) of interventions and controls over time
Intensity (frequency) of interventions and controls over times
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
'Risk of bias' summary
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 3 Continued abstinence (relapse prevention) in late pregnancy for spontaneous quitters.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 5 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 6 Abstinence at 12 to 17 months postpartum.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 7 Abstinence at 18+ months postpartum.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 8 Reduction in late pregnancy: biochemically validated.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 9 Reduction in late pregnancy: self reported (various definitions).
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 10 Biochemical measures in late pregnancy: mean cotinine.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 11 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 12 NICU admissions.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 13 Very low birthweight infants (< 1500 g).
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 14 Preterm births.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 15 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 16 Perinatal deaths.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 17 Stillbirths.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 18 Neonatal deaths.
Comparison 1 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 19 Low birthweight infants (< 2500 g).
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 3 Continued abstinence (relapse prevention) in late pregnancy (spontaneous quitters).
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 5 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 6 Abstinence at 12 to 17 months postpartum.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 7 Reduction in late pregnancy: biochemically validated.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 8 Reduction in late pregnancy: self‐reported > 50%.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 9 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 10 Low birthweight infants (< 2500 g).
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 11 Preterm births.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 12 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 2 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 13 Stillbirths.
Comparison 3 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs alternative intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 3 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs alternative intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 3 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs alternative intervention, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 3 Smoking cessation interventions: counselling vs alternative intervention, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 3 Continued abstinence (Relapse prevention) in late pregnancy for spontaneous quitters.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 6 Low birth weight.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 7 Preterm births (< 37 weeks).
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 4 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs usual care, Outcome 9 Perinatal deaths.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 4 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 5 Low birthweight (< 2500 g).
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 6 Preterm births.
Comparison 5 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 7 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 6 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs alternative intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 6 Smoking cessation interventions: health education vs alternative intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 3 Reduction in late pregnancy: biochemically validated.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 4 Reduction in late pregnancy: self‐reported (various definitions).
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 6 Low birthweight (< 2500 g).
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 7 Preterm births.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 7 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 9 Stillbirths.
Comparison 8 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 8 Smoking cessation interventions: feedback vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy:biochemically validated only.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 5 Reduction in late pregnancy: biochemically validated.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 6 Biochemical measures in late pregnancy: mean cotinine.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 7 Mean cigarettes per day in late pregnancy.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 8 Low birthweight.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 9 Preterm births.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 9 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs usual care, Outcome 11 NICU admissions.
Comparison 10 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 10 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 10 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemicaly validated only.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 5 Smoking reduction: numbers of women reducing smoking in late pregnancy (biochemically validated).
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 6 Low birthweight (under 2500 g).
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 7 Preterm birth (under 37 weeks).
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 8 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 11 Smoking cessation interventions: incentives vs alternative intervention, Outcome 9 NICU admissions.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 3 Continued abstinence (relapse prevention) in late pregnancy.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 5 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 6 Abstinence at 12 to 17 months postpartum.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 7 Smoking reduction: self reported > 50% reduction.
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 8 Low birthweight (< 2500 g).
Comparison 12 Smoking cessation interventions: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 9 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 4 Low birthweight.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 5 Preterm births.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean birthweight.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 7 Stillbirths.
Comparison 13 Smoking cessation interventions: exercise vs usual care, Outcome 8 Neonatal deaths.
Comparison 14 Smoking cessation interventions: other vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 14 Smoking cessation interventions: other vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 15 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 15 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 15 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 15 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: counselling vs usual care, Outcome 4 Smoking reduction: biochemical measures in late pregnancy.
Comparison 16 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 16 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: health education vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 17 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 1 Smoking abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 17 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 2 Smoking reduction in late pregnancy: self‐reported (various definitions).
Comparison 17 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: feedback vs usual care, Outcome 3 Smoking reduction: self‐reported mean cigarettes per day measured in late pregnancy or at delivery.
Comparison 18 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs usual care, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 18 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs usual care, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy:biochemically validated only.
Comparison 18 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs usual care, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 18 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs usual care, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 18 + months postpartum.
Comparison 18 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs usual care, Outcome 5 Smoking reduction: mean cigarettes per day.
Comparison 19 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy.
Comparison 19 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 19 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 3 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 19 Maternal health intervention with smoking cessation component: social support vs less intensive intervention, Outcome 4 Smoking reduction: self reported mean cigarettes per day.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 1 Abstinence in late pregnancy: self‐reported and biochemically validated.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 2 Abstinence in late pregnancy: biochemically validated only.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 3 Continued abstinence (Relapse prevention) in late pregnancy for spontaneous quitters.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 4 Abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 5 Abstinence at 6 to 11 months postpartum.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 6 Abstinence at 12 to 17 months postpartum.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 7 Abstinence at 18+ months postpartum.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 8 Smoking reduction: numbers of women reducing smoking in late pregnancy.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 9 Smoking reduction: biochemical measures in late pregnancy.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 10 Smoking reduction: self‐reported mean cigarettes per day measured in late pregnancy or at delivery.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 11 Low birthweight (under 2500 g).
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 12 Very low birthweight (under 1500 g).
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 13 Preterm birth (under 37 weeks).
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 14 Mean birthweight (g).
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 15 Stillbirths.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 16 Perinatal deaths.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 17 Neonatal deaths.
Comparison 20 Interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy versus control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy, Outcome 18 NICU admissions.
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References
References to studies included in this review
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Bullock 2009 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Bullock L, Everett KD, Mullen PD, Geden E, Longo DR, Madsen R. Baby BEEP: A randomized controlled trial of nurses' individualized social support for poor rural pregnant smokers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2009;13(3):395‐406. - PubMed
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- Bullock LF, Everett KD, Mullen PD. Baby beep: a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation for low‐income rural pregnant women using nurse‐delivered social support. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2008;35:S99.
Bullock 2009 (AvD) {published data only}
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- Bullock L, Everett KD, Mullen PD, Geden E, Longo DR, Madsen R. Baby BEEP: A randomized controlled trial of nurses' individualized social support for poor rural pregnant smokers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2009;13(3):395‐406. - PubMed
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- Bullock LF, Everett KD, Mullen PD. Baby beep: a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation for low‐income rural pregnant women using nurse‐delivered social support. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2008;35:S99.
Burling 1991 {published data only}
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- Burling TA, Bigelow GE, Robinson JC, Mead AM. Smoking during pregnancy: reduction via objective assessment and directive advice. Behavior Therapy 1991;22:31‐40.
Byrd 1993 {published data only}
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Cook 1995 {published data only}
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- Cook C, Ward S, Myers S, Spinnato J. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intensified therapy for smoking reduction in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;172:290.
Cope 2003 {published data only}
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Donovan 1977 {published data only}
Dornelas 2006 {published data only}
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- ACTRN12614000520639. Incentives to stop smoking among pregnant Maori women: a feasibility trial. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366299 Date first received: 15 May 2014.
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Haddow 1991 {published data only}
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Haug 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hegaard 2003 {published data only}
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Herbec 2014 {published data only}
Hiett 2000 {published data only}
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- Lopez AA, Higgins ST, Skelly JM. Effects of smoking cessation on postpartum depression. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;146:184‐5.
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- NCT01801384. Phase 2 study of the efficacy of voucher‐based incentives to treat pregnant smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01801384 Date first received: 26 February 2013.
Higgins 2014 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Lopez AA, Higgins ST, Skelly JM. Effects of smoking cessation on postpartum depression. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;146:184‐5.
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- NCT01801384. Phase 2 study of the efficacy of voucher‐based incentives to treat pregnant smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01801384 Date first received: 26 February 2013.
Hjalmarson 1991 {published data only}
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Lawrence 2003 (AvB) {published data only}
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- Aveyard P, Lawrence T, Cheng KK, Griffin C, Croghan E, Johnson C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model‐based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage. British Journal of Health Psychology 2006;11:263‐78. - PubMed
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- Aveyard P, Lawrence T, Cheng KK, Griffin C, Croghan E, Johnson C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model‐based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage. British Journal of Health Psychology 2006;11:263‐78. - PubMed
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Lee 2015 {published data only}
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- NCT02211430. Smoking cessation for low‐income pregnant women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02211430 Date first received: 13 May 2014.
LeFevre 1995 {published data only}
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Loeb 1983 {published data only}
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Mayer 1990 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Ondersma S, Svikis DS, Beatty JR, Lockhart N. A randomized clinical trial of a computer delivered brief intervention for post‐partum drug, alcohol, and tobacco use: three‐month outcomes. Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 2011 June 18‐23; Hollywood, Florida. 2011:134, Abstract no: 534.
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Ondersma 2012 (AvC) {published data only}
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- NCT01028131. Computer‐assisted Intervention for smoking during pregnancy (HPP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01028131 Date first received: 8 December 2009:134, Abstract no: 534.
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- Ondersma S, Svikis DS, Beatty JR, Lockhart N. A randomized clinical trial of a computer delivered brief intervention for post‐partum drug, alcohol, and tobacco use: three‐month outcomes. Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 2011 June 18‐23; Hollywood, Florida. 2011:134, Abstract no: 534.
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- Ondersma SJ, Ledgerwood DM, Svikis D. Evaluating potential moderators of efficacy for a single‐session computer‐delivered 5As intervention for smoking in pregnancy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;146:e57.
Ondersma 2012 (AvD) {published data only}
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- NCT01028131. Computer‐assisted Intervention for smoking during pregnancy (HPP). ClinicalTrials.gov 2009.
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- Ondersma S, Svikis DS, Beatty JR, Lockhart N. A randomized clinical trial of a computer delivered brief intervention for post‐partum drug, alcohol, and tobacco use: three‐month outcomes. Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 2011 June 18‐23; Hollywood, Florida. 2011:134, Abstract no: 534.
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- Parker DR, Roberts MB, Windsor RA, Lasater TM. Telephone‐based smoking cessation interventions effective in high‐risk, underserved pregnant women. Joint Conference of SRNT and SRNT‐Europe; 2009 April 27‐30; Dublin, Ireland. 2009.
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- Parker DR, Windsor RA, Roberts MB, Hecht J, Hardy NV, Strolla LO, et al. Feasibility, cost, and cost‐effectiveness of a telephone‐based motivational intervention for underserved pregnant smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2007;9(10):1043‐51. - PubMed
Parker 2007 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Parker DR, Roberts MB, Windsor RA, Lasater TM. Telephone‐based smoking cessation interventions effective in high‐risk, underserved pregnant women. Joint Conference of SRNT and SRNT‐Europe; 2009 April 27‐30; Dublin, Ireland. 2009.
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- Parker DR, Windsor RA, Roberts MB, Hecht J, Hardy NV, Strolla LO, et al. Feasibility, cost, and cost‐effectiveness of a telephone‐based motivational intervention for underserved pregnant smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2007;9(10):1043‐51. - PubMed
Patten 2009 {published data only}
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- NCT00379444. Tobacco cessation treatment for pregnant Alaska natives. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00379444 Date first received: 19 September 2006.
Pbert 2004 {published data only}
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- Bonollo DP, Zapka JG, Stoddard AM, Ma Y, Pbert L, Ockene JK. Treating nicotine dependence during pregnancy and postpartum: understanding clinician knowledge and performance. Patient Education and Counselling 2002;48:265‐74. - PubMed
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- Ma Y, Goins KV, Pbert L, Ockene JK. Predictors of smoking cessation in pregnancy and maintenance postpartum in low‐income women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2005;9(4):393‐402. - PubMed
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- Pbert L, Ockene JK, Zapka J, Ma Y, Goins KV, Oncken C, et al. A community health center smoking cessation intervention for pregnant and postpartum women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004;26(5):377‐85. - PubMed
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- Zapka J, Goins KV, Pbert L, Ockene JK. Translating efficacy research into effectiveness studies in practice: lessons from research to promote smoking cessation in community health centers. Health Promotion Practice 2004;5(3):245‐55. - PubMed
Peterson 1992 {published data only}
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- Peterson L, Rosen A, Podedworny T, Kotch J, Handel J. Smoking reduction during pregnancy by a program of self‐help and clinical support. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1992;79:924‐30. - PubMed
Polanska 2004 {published data only}
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- Polanska K, Hanke W, Sobala W. Characteristic of the smoking habit among pregnant women on the base of the test "Why am I a smoker?" [Charakterystyka nagogu palenia papierosow wsrod kobiet ciezarnych na podstawie testu Dlaczego pale?]. Przeglad Lekarski 2005;62(10):1095‐8. - PubMed
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- Polanska K, Hanke W, Sobala W. Smoking relapse one year after delivery among women who quit smoking during pregnancy. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 2005;18(2):159‐65. - PubMed
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- Polanska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Lowe JB. Efficacy and effectiveness of the smoking cessation program for pregnant women. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 2004;17(3):369‐77. - PubMed
Pollak 2013 {published data only}
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- Pollak K. BABYSTEPS II: SMS scheduled gradual reduction text messages to help pregnant smokers quit. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) [accessed 5 February 2014] 2013.
Prapavessis 2014 {published data only}
Price 1991 (AvB) {published data only}
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- Price JH, Snyder FF, Roberts SM, Losh DP, Desmond SM, Krol RA. Comparison of three antismoking interventions among pregnant women in an urban setting: a randomized trial. Psychological Reports 1991;68:595‐604. - PubMed
Price 1991 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Price JH, Snyder FF, Roberts SM, Losh DP, Desmond SM, Krol RA. Comparison of three antismoking interventions among pregnant women in an urban setting: a randomized trial. Psychological Reports 1991;68:595‐604. - PubMed
Reading 1982 {published data only}
Rigotti 2006 {published data only}
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- Berg CJ, Park ER, Chang Y, Rigotti NA. Is concern about post‐cessation weight gain a barrier to smoking cessation among pregnant women?. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(7):1159‐63. - PubMed
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- Park ER, Quinn VP, Chang Y, Regan S, Loudin B, Cummins S, et al. Recruiting pregnant smokers into a clinical trial: using a network‐model managed care organization versus community‐based practices. Preventive Medicine 2007;44:223‐9. - PubMed
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- Rigotti N, Park E, Regan S, Chang Y, Perry K, Loudin B, et al. Efficacy of proactive telephone counseling for pregnant smokers: a randomized trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; 2006 February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida, USA 2006:22.
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- Rigotti N, Park E, Regan S, Chang Y, Perry K, Loudin B, et al. The efficacy of telephone couseling for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. 13th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; 2006 July 12‐15; Washington DC, USA. 2006. - PubMed
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- Rigotti N, Park ER, Regan S, Chang Y, Perry K, Loudin B, et al. Efficacy of telephone counseling for pregnant smokers. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2006;108(1):83‐92. - PubMed
Robling 2016 {published data only}
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- Barnes J, Ball M, Meadows P, Ball M, Meadows P, Howden B, et al. The Family‐Nurse Partnership Programme in England: Wave 1 Implementation in Toddlerhood & a Comparison Between Waves 1 and 2a of Implementation in Pregnancy and Infancy. London: University of London, 2011.
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- Barnes J, Ball M, Meadows P, Belsky J. Team FNPIR. Nurse‐Family Partnership Programme: Second Year Pilot Sites Implementation in England—The Infancy Period. London: University of London, 2009.
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- Barnes J, Ball M, Meadows P, Belsky J. Nurse‐Family Partnershipprogramme: first year pilot sites implementation in England—pregnancy and the post‐partum period. London: Birkbeck,University of London. London, 2008.
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- ISRCTN23019866. Evaluating the family nurse partnership programme in England: a randomised controlled trial. isrctn.com/ISRCTN23019866 Date first received: 20 April 2009.
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- Owen‐Jones E, Bekker MJ, Butler CC, Cannings‐John R, Channon S, Hood K, et al. The effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the Family Nurse Partnership home visiting programme for first time teenage mothers in England: a protocol for the Building Blocks randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:114. - PMC - PubMed
Secker‐Walker 1994 {published data only}
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Mead PB, Goodwin GD, Lepage SS, Skelly JM, Flynn BS, et al. Individualised smoking cessation counseling during prenatal and early postnatal care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;71:1347‐55. - PubMed
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Skelly JM, Lepage SS, Goodwin GD, et al. Smoking relapse prevention counseling during prenatal and early postnatal care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1995;11(2):86‐93. - PubMed
Secker‐Walker 1997 {published data only}
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Geller BM, Flynn BS, Worden JK, Skelly JM, et al. Modeling smoking cessation: exploring the use of a videotape to help pregnant women quit smoking. Women & Health 1997;25:23‐35. - PubMed
Secker‐Walker 1998 {published data only}
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, LePage SS, Crammond JE, Worden JK, et al. Training obstetric and family practice residents to give smoking cessation advice during prenatal care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166:1356‐63. - PubMed
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Skelly JM, Mead PB. Reducing smoking during pregnancy and postpartum: physician's advice supported by individual counseling. Preventive Medicine 1998;27:422‐30. - PubMed
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Skelly JM, Mead PB. Smoking relapse prevention during pregnancy. A trial of coordinated advice from physicians and individual counseling. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998;15:25‐31. - PubMed
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Vacek PM, Flynn BS, Mead PB. Estimated gains in birth weight associated with reductions in smoking during pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1998;43(11):967‐74. - PubMed
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- Secker‐Walker RH, Vacek PM, Flynn BS, Mead PB. Smoking in pregnancy, exhaled carbon monoxide, and birth weight. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;89:648‐53. - PubMed
Sexton 1984 {published data only}
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- Fox NL, Sexton M, Hebel JR, Thompson B. The reliability of self‐reports of smoking and alcohol consumption by pregnant women. Addictive Behaviors 1989;14(2):187‐95. - PubMed
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- Hamilton BH. Estimating treatment effects in randomized clinical trials with non‐compliance: the impact of maternal smoking on birthweight. Health Economics 2001;10(5):399‐410. - PubMed
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- Hebel JR, Sexton M, Nowicki P. The effect of antismoking intervention during pregnancy: an assessment of interactions with maternal characteristics. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;122:135‐48. - PubMed
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Solomon 2000 {published data only}
Stotts 2002 {published data only}
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- Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Shipley SL, Delaune KA, Grabowski J. Impact of a motivational interviewing intervention on mechanisms of change in low‐income pregnant smokers (POS4‐32) [abstract]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting; 2003 February 19‐22; New Orleans, Louisiana. 2003:89.
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- Stotts S, DiClemente CC, Dolan‐Mullen P. One‐to‐One: a motivational intervention for resistant pregnant smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27:275‐92. - PubMed
Stotts 2004 {published data only}
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- Stotts AL, DeLaune KA, Schmitz JM, Grabowski J. Impact of a motivational intervention on mechanisms of change in low‐income pregnant women. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29(8):1649‐57. - PubMed
Stotts 2009 (AvB) {published data only}
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- Groff J, Stotts A, Velasquez M, Benjamin‐Garner R, Green C, Mastrobattista J. Ultrasound and motivational enhancement for prenatal smoking cessation. In: Annual Meeting of the Society for Behavioural Medicine;. 2005 April 13‐16; Boston, MA. 2005.
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- Groff JY. Ultrasound and motivational enhancement for prenatal smoking cessation. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed March 2006).
Stotts 2009 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Groff J, Stotts A, Velasquez M, Benjamin‐Garner R, Green C, Mastrobattista J. Ultrasound and motivational enhancement for prenatal smoking cessation. Annual Meeting of the Society for Behavioural Medicine; 2005 April 13‐16; Boston, MA. 2005.
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- Groff JY. Ultrasound and motivational enhancement for prenatal smoking cessation. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed March 2006).
Strecher 2000 {published data only}
Tappin 2000 {published data only}
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- Tappin DM, Lumsden MA, McIntyre D, McKay C, Gilmour WH, Webber R, et al. A pilot study to establish a randomized trial methodology to test the efficacy of a behavioural intervention. Health Education Research 2000;15(4):491‐502. - PubMed
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- Tappin DM, Lumsden MA, McKay C, McIntyre D, Gilmour H, Webber R, et al. The effect of home‐based motivational interviewing on the smoking behaviour of pregnant women: a pilot randomised controlled efficacy study. Ambulatory Child Health 2000;6(Suppl 1):34‐5.
Tappin 2005 {published data only}
Tappin 2015 {published data only}
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- Boyd KA, Briggs AH, Bauld L, Sinclair L, Tappin D. Are financial incentives cost‐effective to support smoking cessation during pregnancy?. Addiction 2016;111(2):360‐70. - PubMed
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- Sedgwick P. Measuring the benefit of treatment: number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2015;350:h2206. - PubMed
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Thornton 1997 {published data only}
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- Thornton L. Smoking and Pregnancy: Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Smoking Intervention Programme Among Pregnant Women [thesis]. Dublin: Dept of Public Health, 1997.
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- Thornton L, Gogan C, McKenna P. The rotunda stop smoking programme. Irish Journal of Medical Science 1998;167(Suppl 9):28.
Tsoh 2010 {published data only}
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- NCT00540319. The health in pregnancy (HIP) study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00540319 Date first received: 4 October 2007.
Tuten 2012 (AvB) {published data only}
Tuten 2012 (AvC) {published data only}
Ussher 2015 {published data only}
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- Ussher M, Lewis S, Aveyard P, Manyonda I, West R, Lewis B, et al. The london exercise and pregnant smokers (leap) trial: a randomised controlled trial of physical activity for smoking cessation in pregnancy with an economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2015;19(84):1‐136. - PMC - PubMed
Valbo 1994 {published data only}
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- Valbo A, Nylander G. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: intervention among heavy smokers. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1994;73:215‐9. - PubMed
Valbo 1996 {published data only}
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- Valbo A, Eide T. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: the effect of hypnosis in a randomized study. Addictive Behaviors 1996;21:29‐35. - PubMed
Vilches 2009 (AvB) {published data only}
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- Regules A, Vilchez PM, Villalba AG, Sanchez F, Dios Luna del Castillo J. Validity of smoking measurements during pregnancy: specificity, sensitivity and cut‐off points. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica 2008;82(5):535‐45. - PubMed
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- Vilches P. Consumption of Tobacco in Pregnant Women: Proposal of a Psychological Intervention Model in the Public Health System of Andalucia [thesis]. Malaga: Univesidad di Malaga, 2009.
Vilches 2009 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Regules A, Vilchez PM, Villalba AG, Sanchez F, Dios Luna del Castillo J. Validity of smoking measurements during pregnancy: specificity, sensitivity and cut‐off points. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica 2008;82(5):535‐45. - PubMed
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- Vilches P. Consumption of Tobacco in Pregnant Women: Proposal of a Psychological Intervention Model in the Public Health System of Andalucia [thesis]. Univesidad di Malaga, 2009.
Vilches 2009 (AvD) {published and unpublished data}
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- Regules A, Vilchez PM, Villalba AG, Sanchez F, Dios Luna del Castillo J. Validity of smoking measurements during pregnancy: specificity, sensitivity and cut‐off points. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica 2008;82(5):535‐45. - PubMed
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- Vilches P. Consumption of Tobacco in Pregnant Women: Proposal of a Psychological Intervention Model in the Public Health System of Andalucia [thesis]. Malaga: Univesidad di Malaga, 2009.
Walsh 1997 {published data only}
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- Walsh RA, Redman S, Byrne JM, Melmeth A, Brinsmead MW. Process measures in an antenatal smoking cessation trial: another part of the picture. Health Education Research 2000;15(4):469‐83. - PubMed
Wilkinson 2012 {published data only}
Windsor 1985 (AvB) {published data only}
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- Windsor RA. The efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for pregnant women. Southern Medical Journal. 1986; Vol. 79;p34.
Windsor 1985 (AvC) {published data only}
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- Windsor RA. The efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for pregnant women. Southern Medical Journal 1986;79(9 Suppl):34.
Windsor 1993 {published data only}
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- Windsor RA. The efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for pregnant women. Southern Medical Journal 1986;79(9 Suppl):34.
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- Windsor RA, Contreras L, Artz L, Lowe JB. Smoking cessation and pregnancy intervention trial: preliminary mid‐trial results. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1990;339:107‐17. - PubMed
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- Windsor RA, Li CQ, Boyd NR, Hartmann KE. The use of significant reduction rates to evaluate health education methods for pregnant smokers: a new harm reduction behavioural indicator. Health Education and Behavior 1999;26:648‐61. - PubMed
Windsor 2011 {published data only}
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- Windsor R, Clark J, Cleary S, Davis A, Thorn S, Abroms L, et al. Effectiveness of the smoking cessation and reduction in pregnancy treatment (SCRIPT) dissemination project: a science to prenatal care practice partnership. Maternal & Child Health Journal 2014;18(1):180‐90. - PubMed
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- Windsor R, Cleary S, Ramiah K, Clark J, Abroms L, Davis A. The smoking cessation and reduction in pregnancy treatment (SCRIPT) adoption scale: evaluating the diffusion of a tobacco treatment innovation to a statewide prenatal care program and providers. Journal of Health Communication 2013;18(10):1201‐20. - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
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Andrews 2007 {published data only}
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Brandon 2012 {published and unpublished data}
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Britton 2013 {published data only}
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Coleman 2007 {published data only}
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Culp 2007 {published data only}
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Disantis 2010 {published data only}
Dixon 2009 {published data only}
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Edwards 2009 {published data only}
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El‐Mohandes 2013 {published data only}
Emmons 2000 {published data only}
Ershoff 1983 {published data only}
Everett‐Murphy 2010 {published data only}
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Ferguson 2012 {published data only}
Ferreira‐Borges 2005 {published data only}
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- Ferreira‐Borges C. Effectiveness of a brief counseling and behavioral intervention for smoking cessation in pregnant women. Preventive Medicine 2005;41(1):295‐302. - PubMed
Fish 2011 {published data only}
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- Fish LJ, Lyna P, Denman S, Gordon K, Rocha P, Pollak K. Recruitment and retention of Latinos in a couples‐based smoking cessation trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2011;41 Suppl 1:S118.
French 2007 {published data only}
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Gadomski 2011 {published data only}
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- Gadomski A, Adams L, Tallman N, Krupa N, Jenkins P. Effectiveness of a combined prenatal and postpartum smoking cessation program. Maternal Child Health Journal 2011;15:188‐97. - PubMed
Gebauer 1998 {published data only}
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- Gebauer C, Chung‐Ying K, Haynes E, Wewers ME. A nurse‐managed smoking cessation intervention during pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 1998;21:47‐53. - PubMed
Gillies 1987 {published data only}
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- Gillies PA, Power FL, Turner ID, Madely R. Successful antismoking interventions in pregnancy‐behaviour change, "clinical indicators" or both?. Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Tobacco & Health; 1990; Perth, Australia. Perth: Health Department of Western Australia, 1990:952‐8.
Grange 2005 {published data only}
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- Grange G, Borgne A, Ouazana A, Valensi P, L'Hullier JP, Aubin JP. Obstetrical ultrasound screening and motivation to stop smoking [Echographies obstetricales et motivation du tabac]. Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2005;34(7 Pt 1):674‐8. - PubMed
Hahn 2005 {published data only}
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- Hahn EJ, Rayens MK, Warnick TA, Chirila C, Rasnake RT, Paul TP, et al. A controlled trial of a quit and win contest. American Journal of Health Promotion 2005;20(2):117‐26. - PubMed
Hannover 2008 {published data only}
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- Hannover W, Thyrian JR, Roske K, Grempler J, Rumpf HJ, John U, et al. Smoking cessation and relapse prevention for postpartum women: results from a randomized controlled trial at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Addictive Behaviors 2008;34:1‐8. - PubMed
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Hayes 2013 {published data only}
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Herbert 2011 {published data only}
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Higgins 2004 {published data only}
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Hotham 2006 {published data only}
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- Atkinson E, Hotham L, Baghurst P. Nicotine replacement therapy as an adjunct to smoking cessation counselling in pregnancy ‐ a randomised study to evaluate efficacy in an antenatal clinic setting. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003;43:177.
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Huang 2013 {published data only}
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- Huang CM, Wu HL, Huang SH, Chien LY, Guo JL. Transtheoretical model‐based passive smoking prevention programme among pregnant women and mothers of young children. European Journal of Public Health 2013;23(5):777‐82. - PubMed
Hymowitz 2006 {published data only}
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Jaakola 2001 {published data only}
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- Jaakola N, Zahlsen K, Jaakola J. Effects of a population based smoking cessation programme on smoking in pregnancy. European Journal of Public Health 2001;11:446‐9. - PubMed
Jimenez‐Muro 2013 {published data only}
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- Jimenez‐Muro A, Nerin I, Samper P, Marqueta A, Beamonte A, Gargallo P, et al. A proactive smoking cessation intervention in postpartum women. Midwifery 2013;29(3):240‐5. - PubMed
Johnston 2011 {published data only}
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- Johnston V, Thomas DP, McDonnell J, Andrews RM. Maternal smoking and smoking in the household during pregnancy and postpartum: findings from an Indigenous cohort in the Northern Territory. Medical Journal of Australia 2011;194(10):556‐9. - PubMed
Kaper 2006 {published data only}
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Kapur 2001 {published data only}
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- Kapur B, Hackman R, Selby P, Klein J, Koren G. Randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy. Current Therapeutic Research 2001;62(4):274‐8.
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References to ongoing studies
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