Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Maziar Moradi-Lakeh^{1

2}, Mohammad H Forouzanfar¹, Stein Emil Vollset^{1

3

4}, Charbel El Bcheraoui¹, Farah Daoud¹, Ashkan Afshin¹, Raghid Charara¹, Ibrahim Khalil¹, Hideki Higashi⁵, Mohamed Magdy Abd El Razek⁶, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri⁷, Khurshid Alam^{8

9

10}, Nadia Akseer^{11

12}, Nawal Al-Hamad¹³, Raghib Ali¹⁴, Mohammad AbdulAziz AlMazroa¹⁵, Mahmoud A Alomari¹⁶, Abdullah A Al-Rabeeah¹⁵, Ubai Alsharif¹⁷, Khalid A Altirkawi¹⁸, Suleman Atique¹⁹, Alaa Badawi²⁰, Lope H Barrero²¹, Mohammed Basulaiman¹⁵, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi^{22

23}, Neeraj Bedi²⁴, Isabela M Bensenor²⁵, Rachelle Buchbinder^{26

27}, Hadi Danawi²⁸, Samath D Dharmaratne²⁹, Faiez Zannad³⁰, Maryam S Farvid^{31

32}, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad³³, Farshad Farzadfar³⁴, Florian Fischer³⁵, Rahul Gupta³⁶, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh³⁷, Samer Hamidi³⁸, Masako Horino^{39

40}, Damian G Hoy⁴¹, Mohamed Hsairi⁴², Abdullatif Husseini⁴³, Mehdi Javanbakht⁴⁴, Jost B Jonas⁴⁵, Amir Kasaeian^{46

47}, Ejaz Ahmad Khan⁴⁸, Jagdish Khubchandani⁴⁹, Ann Kristin Knudsen⁵⁰, Jacek A Kopec⁵¹, Raimundas Lunevicius^{52

53}, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek⁵⁴, Azeem Majeed⁵⁵, Reza Malekzadeh⁵⁶, Kedar Mate⁵⁷, Alem Mehari⁵⁸, Michele Meltzer⁵⁹, Ziad A Memish^{15

60}, Mojde Mirarefin⁶¹, Shafiu Mohammed^{62

63}, Aliya Naheed⁶⁴, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer⁶⁵, In-Hwan Oh⁶⁶, Eun-Kee Park⁶⁷, Emmanuel Kwame Peprah⁶⁸, Farshad Pourmalek⁵¹, Mostafa Qorbani⁶⁹, Anwar Rafay^{70

71}, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar⁷², Rahman Shiri⁷³, Sajjad Ur Rahman⁷⁴, Rajesh Kumar Rai⁷⁵, Saleem M Rana^{70

71}, Sadaf G Sepanlou⁷⁶, Masood Ali Shaikh⁷⁷, Ivy Shiue^{78

79}, Abla Mehio Sibai⁸⁰, Diego Augusto Santos Silva⁸¹, Jasvinder A Singh⁸², Jens Christoffer Skogen^{3

83}, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi^{84

85

86}, Kingsley N Ukwaja⁸⁷, Ronny Westerman^{88

89}, Naohiro Yonemoto⁹⁰, Seok-Jun Yoon⁹¹, Mustafa Z Younis⁹², Zoubida Zaidi⁹³, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki⁵⁴, Stephen S Lim¹, Haidong Wang¹, Theo Vos¹, Mohsen Naghavi¹, Alan D Lopez^{1

94}, Christopher J L Murray¹, Ali H Mokdad¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
² Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
⁴ Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁵ Japan International Cooperation Agency, Lusaka, Zambia.
⁶ Ophthalmology resident in Aswan University Hospital, Aswan, Egypt.
⁷ Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁸ Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁹ The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰ The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹¹ Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹² University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³ Food and Nutrition Administration, Ministry of Health, Safat, Kuwait.
¹⁴ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹⁵ Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁶ Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
¹⁷ Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁰ Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²¹ Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.
²² Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²³ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA.
²⁴ College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁶ Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁸ Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²⁹ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁰ Clinical Investigation Centre INSERM (the National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
³¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³² Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³³ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
³⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolic Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁵ Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
³⁶ West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, West Virginia, USA.
³⁷ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
³⁸ Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
³⁹ Nevada Division of Behavior and Public Health, Carson City, Nevada, USA.
⁴⁰ Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁴¹ Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
⁴² Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁴³ Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine.
⁴⁴ Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴⁶ Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁷ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁸ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁴⁹ Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
⁵¹ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵² Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
⁵³ School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁴ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁵⁵ Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵⁶ Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁷ McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁸ College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA.
⁵⁹ Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁰ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶¹ Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁶² Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
⁶³ Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶⁴ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁶⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁷ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
⁶⁸ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁶⁹ Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
⁷⁰ Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷¹ Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷² Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷³ Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷⁴ Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁵ Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India.
⁷⁶ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁷ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
⁷⁸ Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁷⁹ Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸⁰ Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁸¹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
⁸² University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
⁸³ Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
⁸⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁸⁵ Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
⁸⁸ Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
⁸⁹ German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹⁰ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁹¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹² Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
⁹³ University Hospital, Setif, Algeria.
⁹⁴ Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 28209629
PMCID: PMC5738600
DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210146

Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Maziar Moradi-Lakeh et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Aug.

. 2017 Aug;76(8):1365-1373.

doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210146. Epub 2017 Feb 16.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
² Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
⁴ Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁵ Japan International Cooperation Agency, Lusaka, Zambia.
⁶ Ophthalmology resident in Aswan University Hospital, Aswan, Egypt.
⁷ Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁸ Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁹ The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰ The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹¹ Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹² University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³ Food and Nutrition Administration, Ministry of Health, Safat, Kuwait.
¹⁴ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹⁵ Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁶ Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
¹⁷ Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁰ Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²¹ Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.
²² Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²³ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA.
²⁴ College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁶ Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁸ Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
²⁹ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁰ Clinical Investigation Centre INSERM (the National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
³¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³² Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³³ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
³⁴ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolic Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁵ Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
³⁶ West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, West Virginia, USA.
³⁷ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
³⁸ Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
³⁹ Nevada Division of Behavior and Public Health, Carson City, Nevada, USA.
⁴⁰ Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁴¹ Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
⁴² Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁴³ Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine.
⁴⁴ Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴⁶ Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁷ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁸ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁴⁹ Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
⁵¹ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵² Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
⁵³ School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁴ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁵⁵ Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵⁶ Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁷ McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵⁸ College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA.
⁵⁹ Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁰ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶¹ Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁶² Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
⁶³ Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶⁴ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁶⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁷ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
⁶⁸ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁶⁹ Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
⁷⁰ Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷¹ Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁷² Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷³ Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷⁴ Sweidi Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷⁵ Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India.
⁷⁶ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁷ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
⁷⁸ Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁷⁹ Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸⁰ Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁸¹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
⁸² University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
⁸³ Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
⁸⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁸⁵ Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
⁸⁸ Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
⁸⁹ German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹⁰ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁹¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹² Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
⁹³ University Hospital, Setif, Algeria.
⁹⁴ Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 28209629
PMCID: PMC5738600
DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210146

Abstract

Objectives: We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 to report the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).

Methods: The burden of musculoskeletal disorders was calculated for the EMR's 22 countries between 1990 and 2013. A systematic analysis was performed on mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, death, years of live lost, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

Results: For musculoskeletal disorders, the crude DALYs rate per 100 000 increased from 1297.1 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 924.3-1703.4) in 1990 to 1606.0 (95% UI 1141.2-2130.4) in 2013. During 1990-2013, the total DALYs of musculoskeletal disorders increased by 105.2% in the EMR compared with a 58.0% increase in the rest of the world. The burden of musculoskeletal disorders as a proportion of total DALYs increased from 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.0) in 1990 to 4.7% (95% UI 3.6-5.8) in 2013. The range of point prevalence (per 1000) among the EMR countries was 28.2-136.0 for low back pain, 27.3-49.7 for neck pain, 9.7-37.3 for osteoarthritis (OA), 0.6-2.2 for rheumatoid arthritis and 0.1-0.8 for gout. Low back pain and neck pain had the highest burden in EMR countries.

Conclusions: This study shows a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders, with a faster increase in EMR compared with the rest of the world. The reasons for this faster increase need to be explored. Our findings call for incorporating prevention and control programmes that should include improving health data, addressing risk factors, providing evidence-based care and community programmes to increase awareness.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Gout; Low Back Pain; Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region compared with the world, high-income countries and developing countries, 2013. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years.

**Figure 2**
Age-specific rates and numbers of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2013.

**Figure 3**
The burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region by sex, 2013. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Woolf AD, Akesson K. Understanding the burden of musculoskeletal conditions. The burden is huge and not reflected in national health priorities. BMJ 2001;322:1079–80. - PMC - PubMed
1. Murray CJL, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, et al. , with GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet 2015;386:2145–91. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Hoy DG, Smith E, Cross M, et al. Reflecting on the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions: lessons learnt from the global burden of disease 2010 study and the next steps forward. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:4–7. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205393 - DOI - PubMed
1. Hoy D, Geere JA, Davatchi F, et al. A time for action: opportunities for preventing the growing burden and disability from musculoskeletal conditions in low- and middle-income countries. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014;28:377–93. 10.1016/j.berh.2014.07.006 - DOI - PubMed
1. Chopra A, Abdel-Nasser A. Epidemiology of rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders in the developing world. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008;22:583–604. 10.1016/j.berh.2008.07.001 - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- scite Smart Citations
Medical
- ClinicalTrials.gov
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Affiliations

Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous