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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Feb 17;7(2):e013670.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013670.

Caesarean sections and for-profit status of hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis

Ilir Hoxha  1   2 , Lamprini Syrogiannouli  2 , Xhyljeta Luta  1 , Kali Tal  1   2 , David C Goodman  1   3 , Bruno R da Costa  2 , Peter Jüni  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Caesarean sections and for-profit status of hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis

Ilir Hoxha et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: Financial incentives may encourage private for-profit providers to perform more caesarean section (CS) than non-profit hospitals. We therefore sought to determine the association of for-profit status of hospital and odds of CS.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the first year of records through February 2016.

Eligibility criteria: To be eligible, studies had to report data to allow the calculation of ORs of CS comparing private for-profit hospitals with public or private non-profit hospitals in a specific geographic area.

Outcomes: The prespecified primary outcome was the adjusted OR of births delivered by CS in private for-profit hospitals as compared with public or private non-profit hospitals; the prespecified secondary outcome was the crude OR of CS in private for-profit hospitals as compared with public or private non-profit hospitals.

Results: 15 articles describing 17 separate studies in 4.1 million women were included. In a meta-analysis of 11 studies, the adjusted odds of delivery by CS was 1.41 higher in for-profit hospitals as compared with non-profit hospitals (95% CI 1.24 to 1.60) with no relevant heterogeneity between studies (τ2≤0.037). Findings were robust across subgroups of studies in stratified analyses. The meta-analysis of crude estimates from 16 studies revealed a somewhat more pronounced association (pooled OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.27) with moderate-to-high heterogeneity between studies (τ2≥0.179).

Conclusions: CS are more likely to be performed by for-profit hospitals as compared with non-profit hospitals. This holds true regardless of women's risk and contextual factors such as country, year or study design. Since financial incentives are likely to play an important role, we recommend examination of incentive structures of for-profit hospitals to identify strategies that encourage appropriate provision of CS.

Keywords: caesarean section; financial incentives; for-profit hospital; health services; medical practice variation; non-profit hospital.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The flow diagram of review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Adjusted ORs of caesarean section.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Stratified analyses. *p Value for linear trend.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Crude ORs of caesarean section.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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