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. 2018 Jan;32(1):e22176.
doi: 10.1002/jcla.22176. Epub 2017 Feb 21.

An investigation of the levels of vitamins A, D, and E in the serum of Chinese pregnant women

Yu-Juan Chen  1 , Zhan-Dong Li  2 , Cui-Ying Mao  3 , Xu Kang  4 , Shu-Hua Zhang  1
Affiliations

An investigation of the levels of vitamins A, D, and E in the serum of Chinese pregnant women

Yu-Juan Chen et al. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018 Jan.

Abstract

Background: Vitamins A, D (Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3) and E, play an important role during pregnancy.

Methods: Sera were collected from 1056 normal pregnant women, who were between 18 and 40 years old, at seven different hospitals in northeastern China. The levels of Vitamin A and E in the sera samples were detected using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and the level of vitamin D was measured by LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.

Results: The mean levels of vitamin A, D and E in the 1056 sera samples were 0.39 mg/L (0.38-0.39), 20.44 μg/L (19.86-21.08) and 12.96 mg/L (12.70-13.25), respectively. The levels of vitamin A, D, and E deficiency were 17.05%, 0.19%, and 56.44%, respectively. The levels of vitamin A, D, and E of those between age 21 and 31 among the 1056 pregnant women were similar. The correlation of vitamin E and D was significant at the .01 level (two-tailed), and the correlation of vitamin A and age was significant at the .05 level (2-tailed).

Conclusion: According to our finding, the levels of vitamin A, D, and E in the sera of pregnant women in northeastern China were affected by where they live and their age. Vitamin D deficiency was very serious, vitamin A deficiency was common, while vitamin E seems to be sufficient.

Keywords: northeast of China; pregnant women; vitamin A; vitamin D; vitamin E.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) graphs of vitamin A and vitamin E. The samples were extracted from pregnant women and analyzed by Shimadzu 20A HPLC (Shimadzu) with FLD and Agilent ZORBAX XDB‐C8 (50×2.1 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was methane‐water (90:10) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. A is the HPLC graph of standards of VA, VA‐IS, VE, and VE‐IS; B is the HPLC graph of serum sample from pregnant woman
Figure 2
Figure 2
MS graphs of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. The samples were extracted from pregnant women and analyzed by analyzed by LC‐MS with a Lab Solutions LC solution system in a positive electrospray mode (ESI+). A1, B1, C1, and D1 are the MRM graph of standards; A2, B2, C2, and D2 are the MRM graph of serum samples
Figure 3
Figure 3
The average level of vitamins in the sera of pregnant women classified by different age. The data were collected from the pregnant women from 18 to 40 and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography or LC‐MS. The mean values of vitamin A, D, and E were analyzed by SPSS 13.0. A, B, and C are the mean values of vitamin A, B, and C, respectively, states by different age
Figure 4
Figure 4
The average level of Vitamins in the serum of pregnant women from different area. The data were collected from the pregnant women from seven different areas and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography or LC‐MS. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21. A, B, and C are the mean values of VA, VB, and VC, respectively, statue by different area. SP, Siping; SY, Songyuan; BC, Baicheng; CC, Changchun; JL, Jilin; TN, Taonan; DH, Dunhua
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