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Review
. 2017;7(1):65-77.
doi: 10.3233/JPD-160878.

Technologies Assessing Limb Bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease

Hasan Hasan  1 , Dilan S Athauda  1   2 , Thomas Foltynie  1   2 , Alastair J Noyce  1   3   4
Affiliations
Free PMC article
Review

Technologies Assessing Limb Bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease

Hasan Hasan et al. J Parkinsons Dis. 2017.
Free PMC article

Abstract

Background: The MDS-UPDRS (Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) is the most widely used scale for rating impairment in PD. Subscores measuring bradykinesia have low reliability that can be subject to rater variability. Novel technological tools can be used to overcome such issues.

Objective: To systematically explore and describe the available technologies for measuring limb bradykinesia in PD that were published between 2006 and 2016.

Methods: A systematic literature search using PubMed (MEDLINE), IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Scopus and Engineering Village (Compendex and Inspec) databases was performed to identify relevant technologies published until 18 October 2016.

Results: 47 technologies assessing bradykinesia in PD were identified, 17 of which offered home and clinic-based assessment whilst 30 provided clinic-based assessment only. Of the eligible studies, 7 were validated in a PD patient population only, whilst 40 were tested in both PD and healthy control groups. 19 of the 47 technologies assessed bradykinesia only, whereas 28 assessed other parkinsonian features as well. 33 technologies have been described in additional PD-related studies, whereas 14 are not known to have been tested beyond the pilot phase.

Conclusion: Technology based tools offer advantages including objective motor assessment and home monitoring of symptoms, and can be used to assess response to intervention in clinical trials or routine care. This review provides an up-to-date repository and synthesis of the current literature regarding technology used for assessing limb bradykinesia in PD. The review also discusses the current trends with regards to technology and discusses future directions in development.

Keywords: Hypokinesia; Parkinson disease; ambulatory monitoring; outcome assessment; review; technology.

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Figures

Fig.1
Fig.1
Flowchart for search methods used in PubMed (MEDLINE) database. See supplementary material for details of other searches.
Fig.2
Fig.2
Flowchart for systematic literature search across the database [*PubMed: 960 articles, IEEE Xplore: 132 articles, Web of Science: 598 articles, Scopus: 298 articles, Engineering Village: 78].
Fig.3
Fig.3
Summary diagram of measurement tools for limb bradykinesia [MDS-UPDRS – Movement Disorders Society Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MBRS – Modified Bradykinesia Rating Scale, PKG- Parkinson’s KinetiGraph, AHTD – At Home Testing Device, BRAIN tap test – BRadykinesia Akinesia INcoordination tap test, CV motion analysis – Computer Vision motion analysis, PERFORM – A sophisticated multipaRametric system FOR the continuous effective assessment and Monitoring of motor status in parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, 9DoF sensor – 9 Degrees of Freedom sensor, QDG – Quantitative Digitography, ATP – Alternating Tapping Performance, CATSYS – Co-ordination Ability Testing System, SEMG- Surface electromyography].
Fig.4
Fig.4
Diagram describing the Internet of Things (IoT) framework for home-based monitoring of PD using wearable sensors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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