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. 2017 Feb 24:7:42975.
doi: 10.1038/srep42975.

Greener Route for Synthesis of aryl and alkyl-14H-dibenzo [a.j] xanthenes using Graphene Oxide-Copper Ferrite Nanocomposite as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst

Aniket Kumar  1 , Lipeeka Rout  1 , Lakkoji Satish Kumar Achary  1 , Rajendra S Dhaka  2 , Priyabrat Dash  1
Affiliations

Greener Route for Synthesis of aryl and alkyl-14H-dibenzo [a.j] xanthenes using Graphene Oxide-Copper Ferrite Nanocomposite as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst

Aniket Kumar et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

A facile, efficient and environmentally-friendly protocol for the synthesis of xanthenes by graphene oxide based nanocomposite (GO-CuFe2O4) has been developed by one-pot condensation route. The nanocomposite was designed by decorating copper ferrite nanoparticles on graphene oxide (GO) surface via a solution combustion route without the use of template. The as-synthesized GO-CuFe2O4 composite was comprehensively characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, EDX, HRTEM with EDS mapping, XPS, N2 adsorption-desorption and ICP-OES techniques. This nanocomposite was then used in an operationally simple, cost effective, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of 14H-dibenzo xanthene under solvent free condition. The present approach offers several advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, easy purification, a cleaner reaction, ease of recovery and reusability of the catalyst by a magnetic field. Based upon various controlled reaction results, a possible mechanism for xanthene synthesis over GO-CuFe2O4 catalyst was proposed. The superior catalytic activity of the GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between GO and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, high surface area and presence of small sized CuFe2O4 NPs. This versatile GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite synthesized via combustion method holds great promise for applications in wide range of industrially important catalytic reactions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(i) FTIR spectra of GO and GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite and (ii) XRD powdered spectra of GO and GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Raman spectra of GO and GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite, and (b) Hysteresis loops of pure CuFe2O4 and GO-CuFe2O4. The inset is the magnetic separation property of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XPS survey scan of (a) GO and (b) GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite samples.
Figure 4
Figure 4
C 1s core-level spectra of (a) GO, (b) GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite samples. (c) Fe 2p and (d) Cu 2p core-levels of GO-CuFe2O4 sample.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FE-SEM images of (a) GO and (b,c) GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite, (d) EDX of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a–e) TEM image of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite at different magnification, (f) SAED image of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 7
Figure 7
EDS mapping of (a) GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite and (b) EDS line scan of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and (b) pore size distribution of pure CuFe2O4 and GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of GO, and GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 10
Figure 10. The one-pot synthesis of 14-aryl -14H-dibenzo-[a. j] xanthenes using GO-CuFe2O4 nanocompositea.
Figure 11
Figure 11. Plausible mechanism for the synthesis of xanthenes catalyzed by GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 12
Figure 12. Recyclability study of the catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 14-(phenyl) - 14H-dibenzo [a. j] xanthenes.
Figure 13
Figure 13. Preparation of GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite via SCS route for synthesis of xanthenes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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