A multicenter study to define sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease

Abstract

Sarcopenia is associated with increased wait-list mortality, but a standard definition is lacking. In this retrospective study, we sought to determine the optimal definition of sarcopenia in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT). Included were 396 patients newly listed for LT in 2012 at 5 North American transplant centers. All computed tomography scans were read by 2 individuals with interobserver correlation of 98%. Using image analysis software, the total cross-sectional area (cm² ) of abdominal skeletal muscle at the third lumbar vertebra was measured. The skeletal muscle index (SMI), which normalizes muscle area to patient height, was then calculated. The primary outcome was wait-list mortality, defined as death on the waiting list or removal from the waiting list for reasons of clinical deterioration. Sex-specific potential cutoff values to define sarcopenia were determined with a grid search guided by log-rank test statistics. Optimal search methods identified potential cutoffs to detect survival differences between groups. The overall median SMI was 47.6 cm² /m² : 50.0 in men and 42.0 in women. At a median of 8.8 months follow-up, mortality was 25% in men and 36% in women. Patients who died had lower SMI than those who survived (45.6 versus 48.5 cm² /m² ; P < 0.001), and SMI was associated with wait-list mortality (hazard ratio, 0.95; P < 0.001). Optimal search method yielded SMI cutoffs of 50 cm² /m² for men and 39 cm² /m² for women; these cutoff values best combined statistical significance with a sufficient number of events to detect survival differences between groups. In conclusion, we recommend that an SMI < 50 cm² /m² for men and < 39 cm² /m² for women be used to define sarcopenia in patients with ESLD awaiting LT. Liver Transplantation 23 625-633 2017 AASLD.

FIG. 1

Log-rank and Wilcoxon test statistics measuring separation of survival curves at individual SMI cutoff values for (A) men and (B) women.

FIG. 2

Kaplan-Meier survival curves in sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic men and women using our optimal SMI cutoffs of <50 cm²/m² for men and <39 cm²/m² for women to define sarcopenia.