Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Feb 28;2(2):CD001141.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub5.

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

Alison McFadden  1 , Anna Gavine  2 , Mary J Renfrew  1 , Angela Wade  3 , Phyll Buchanan  4 , Jane L Taylor  4 , Emma Veitch  4 , Anne Marie Rennie  5 , Susan A Crowther  6 , Sara Neiman  4 , Stephen MacGillivray  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

Alison McFadden et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

  • Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.
    Gavine A, Shinwell SC, Buchanan P, Farre A, Wade A, Lynn F, Marshall J, Cumming SE, Dare S, McFadden A. Gavine A, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Oct 25;10(10):CD001141. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub6. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 36282618 Free PMC article.

Abstract

Background: There is extensive evidence of important health risks for infants and mothers related to not breastfeeding. In 2003, the World Health Organization recommended that infants be breastfed exclusively until six months of age, with breastfeeding continuing as an important part of the infant's diet until at least two years of age. However, current breastfeeding rates in many countries do not reflect this recommendation.

Objectives: To describe forms of breastfeeding support which have been evaluated in controlled studies, the timing of the interventions and the settings in which they have been used.To examine the effectiveness of different modes of offering similar supportive interventions (for example, whether the support offered was proactive or reactive, face-to-face or over the telephone), and whether interventions containing both antenatal and postnatal elements were more effective than those taking place in the postnatal period alone.To examine the effectiveness of different care providers and (where information was available) training.To explore the interaction between background breastfeeding rates and effectiveness of support.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register (29 February 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing extra support for healthy breastfeeding mothers of healthy term babies with usual maternity care.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Main results: This updated review includes 100 trials involving more than 83,246 mother-infant pairs of which 73 studies contribute data (58 individually-randomised trials and 15 cluster-randomised trials). We considered that the overall risk of bias of trials included in the review was mixed. Of the 31 new studies included in this update, 21 provided data for one or more of the primary outcomes. The total number of mother-infant pairs in the 73 studies that contributed data to this review is 74,656 (this total was 56,451 in the previous version of this review). The 73 studies were conducted in 29 countries. Results of the analyses continue to confirm that all forms of extra support analyzed together showed a decrease in cessation of 'any breastfeeding', which includes partial and exclusive breastfeeding (average risk ratio (RR) for stopping any breastfeeding before six months 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 0.95; moderate-quality evidence, 51 studies) and for stopping breastfeeding before four to six weeks (average RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95; moderate-quality evidence, 33 studies). All forms of extra support together also showed a decrease in cessation of exclusive breastfeeding at six months (average RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.92; moderate-quality evidence, 46 studies) and at four to six weeks (average RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.89; moderate quality, 32 studies). We downgraded evidence to moderate-quality due to very high heterogeneity.We investigated substantial heterogeneity for all four outcomes with subgroup analyses for the following covariates: who delivered care, type of support, timing of support, background breastfeeding rate and number of postnatal contacts. Covariates were not able to explain heterogeneity in general. Though the interaction tests were significant for some analyses, we advise caution in the interpretation of results for subgroups due to the heterogeneity. Extra support by both lay and professionals had a positive impact on breastfeeding outcomes. Several factors may have also improved results for women practising exclusive breastfeeding, such as interventions delivered with a face-to-face component, high background initiation rates of breastfeeding, lay support, and a specific schedule of four to eight contacts. However, because within-group heterogeneity remained high for all of these analyses, we advise caution when making specific conclusions based on subgroup results. We noted no evidence for subgroup differences for the any breastfeeding outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: When breastfeeding support is offered to women, the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding is increased. Characteristics of effective support include: that it is offered as standard by trained personnel during antenatal or postnatal care, that it includes ongoing scheduled visits so that women can predict when support will be available, and that it is tailored to the setting and the needs of the population group. Support is likely to be more effective in settings with high initiation rates. Support may be offered either by professional or lay/peer supporters, or a combination of both. Strategies that rely mainly on face-to-face support are more likely to succeed with women practising exclusive breastfeeding.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Alison McFadden: nothing to declare.

Anna Gavine: my institution (University of Dundee) has received two small grants from WHO to support my contribution to this review.

Mary Renfrew: my institution (University of Dundee) received two small grants from WHO to help with completion of this review. This paid for some research support for data extraction and analysis.

Angela Wade: nothing to declare.

Phyll Buchanan: I am a trustee of the Breastfeeding Network and therefore interested in the effectiveness of support for breastfeeding mothers, especially peer support.

Jane Taylor: I am a volunteer in the Breastfeeding Network and therefore interested in the effectiveness of support for breastfeeding mothers.

Emma Veitch: I am a volunteer in the Breastfeeding Network and therefore interested in the effectiveness of support for breastfeeding mothers.

Sara Neiman: I am a volunteer in the Breastfeeding Network and therefore interested in the effectiveness of support for breastfeeding mothers. I work for the NHS as a Registered Midwife and therefore the evidence base is very important to me in my work.

Anne‐Marie Rennie: as a midwife I have an interest in support for breastfeeding mothers, and my role as Infant Feeding Co‐ordinator is also interested in support for breastfeeding mothers.

Susan Crowther: nothing to declare.

Steve MacGillivray: my institution (University of Dundee) has received two small grants from WHO to support my contribution to this review.

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All forms of support versus usual care, outcome: 1.1 Stopping breastfeeding (any) before last study assessment up to 6 months
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All forms of support versus usual care, outcome: 1.2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding before last study assessment up to 6 months
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All forms of support versus usual care, outcome: 1.3 Stopping breastfeeding (any) at up to 4‐6 weeks
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 All forms of support versus usual care, outcome: 1.4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 1 Stopping breastfeeding (any) before last study assessment up to 6 months.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding before last study assessment up to 6 months.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 3 Stopping breastfeeding (any) at up to 4‐6 weeks.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 5 Sensitivity analysis by risk of bias allocation concealment: stopping any breastfeeding at up to six months.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 6 Sensitivity analysis by risk of bias allocation concealment: stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to six months.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 7 Sensitivity analysis by risk of bias allocation concealment: stopping any breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 All forms of support versus usual care, Outcome 8 Sensitivity analysis by risk of bias allocation concealment: stopping exclusive breastfeeding by 4‐6 weeks.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ who delivered the intervention, Outcome 1 Stopping any breastfeeding before last study assessment up to 6 months.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ who delivered the intervention, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding before last study assessment.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ who delivered the intervention, Outcome 3 Stopping any breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ who delivered the intervention, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ type of support, Outcome 1 Stopping any breastfeeding before last study assessment up to 6 months.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ type of support, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding by last study assessment up to 6 months.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ type of support, Outcome 3 Stopping any breastfeeding by 4‐6 weeks.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ type of support, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding by 4‐6 weeks.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ timing of support, Outcome 1 Stopping any breastfeeding at last study assessment up to 6 months.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ timing of support, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding by last assessment up to 6 months.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ timing of support, Outcome 3 Stopping any breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ timing of support, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ breastfeeding initiation, Outcome 1 Stopping any breastfeeding by last assessment up to 6 months.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ breastfeeding initiation, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at last assessment up to 6 months.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ breastfeeding initiation, Outcome 3 Stopping any breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ breastfeeding initiation, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ number of postnatal contacts, Outcome 1 Stopping any breastfeeding before last study assessment up to 6 months.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ number of postnatal contacts, Outcome 2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding before last study assessment.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ number of postnatal contacts, Outcome 3 Stopping any breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 All forms of support versus usual care: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ‐ number of postnatal contacts, Outcome 4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at up to 4‐6 weeks.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Abbass‐Dick 2015 {published data only}
    1. Abbass‐Dick J, Stern SB, Nelson LE, Watson W, Dennis CL. Coparenting breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2015;135(1):102‐10. - PubMed
Aidam 2005 {published data only}
    1. Aidam BA, Perez‐Escamilla R, Lartey A. Lactation counseling increases exclusive breastfeeding rates in Ghana. Journal of Nutrition 2005;135(7):1691‐5. - PubMed
Aksu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aksu H, Kucuk M, Duzgun G. The effect of postnatal breastfeeding education/support offered at home 3 days after delivery on breastfeeding duration and knowledge: a randomized trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2011;24(2):354‐61. - PubMed
Albernaz 2003 {published data only}
    1. Albernaz E, Victora C. Impact of face‐to‐face counselling on duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a review. Pan American Journal of Public Health 2003;14(1):17‐24. - PubMed
    1. Albernaz E, Victora CG, Haisma H, Wright A, Coward WA. Lactation counseling increases breast‐feeding duration but not breast milk intake as measured by isotopic methods. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(1):205‐10. - PubMed
Anderson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Anderson AK, Damio G, Chapman DJ, Perez‐Escamilla R. Differential response to an exclusive breastfeeding peer counseling intervention: the role of ethnicity. Journal of Human Lactation 2007;23(1):16‐23. - PubMed
    1. Anderson AK, Damio G, Young S, Chapman DJ, Perez‐Escamilla R. A randomised trial assessing the efficacy of peer counseling on exclusive breastfeeding in a predominantly Latina low‐income community. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(9):836‐41. - PubMed
Barros 1994 {published data only}
    1. Barros FC, Halpern R, Victora CG, Teixera AM, Beria J. A randomised intervention study to increase breastfeeding prevalence in southern Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica 1994;28(4):277‐83. - PubMed
Bashour 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bashour HN, Kharouf MH, Abdulsalam AA, Asmar K, Tabbaa MA, Cheikha SA. Effect of postnatal home visits on maternal/infant outcomes in Syria: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nursing 2008;25(2):115‐25. - PubMed
Bhandari 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bhandari N. Promotion and consequences of exclusive breastfeeding in India [abstract]. Journal of Human Lactation 2007;23(1):75.
    1. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Mazumdar S, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Effect of community‐based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1418‐23. - PubMed
    1. Bhandari N, Mazumder S, Bahl R, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. An educational intervention to promote appropriate complementary feeding practices and physical growth in infants and young children in rural Haryana, India. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(9):2342‐8. - PubMed
    1. Bhandari N, Mazumder S, Bahl R, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Use of multiple opportunities for improving feeding practices in under‐twos within child health programmes. Health Policy and Planning 2005;20(5):328‐36. - PubMed
Bloom 1982 {published data only}
    1. Bloom K, Goldbloom RB, Robinson SC, Stevens FE. II. Factors affecting the continuance of breast feeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1982;71(Suppl 300):9‐14. - PubMed
Bonuck 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bonuck KA, Freeman K, Trombley M. Randomized controlled trial of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on infant health care use. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(9):953‐60. - PubMed
    1. Bonuck KA, Trombley M, Freeman K, McKee D. Randomized, controlled trial of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on duration and intensity of breastfeeding up to 12 months. Pediatrics 2005;116(6):1413‐26. - PubMed
    1. Memmott MM, Bonuck KA. Mother's reactions to a skills‐based breastfeeding promotion intervention. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2006;2(1):40‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Bonuck 2014a {published data only}
    1. Bonuck K, Stuebe A, Barnett J, Fletcher J, Bernstein P. Routine, primary‐care based interventions to increase breastfeeding: results of two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeeding Medicine 2013;8(Suppl 1):S‐19.
    1. Bonuck K, Stuebe A, Barnett J, Labbok MH, Fletcher J, Bernstein PS. Effect of primary care intervention on breastfeeding duration and intensity. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104 Suppl 1:S119‐S127. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00619632. Boosting breastfeeding in low‐income, multi‐ethnic women: a primary care based RCT (BINGO). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00619632 Date first received: 1 February 2008.
Bonuck 2014b {published data only}
    1. Bonuck K, Stuebe A, Barnett J, Fletcher J, Bernstein P. Routine, primary‐care based interventions to increase breastfeeding: results of two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeeding Medicine 2013;8(Suppl 1):S‐19.
    1. Bonuck K, Stuebe A, Barnett J, Labbok MH, Fletcher J, Bernstein PS. Effect of primary care intervention on breastfeeding duration and intensity. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104 Suppl 1:S119‐S127. - PMC - PubMed
Bortolini 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bortolini GA, Vitolo MR. The impact of systematic dietary counseling during the first year of life on prevalence rates of anemia and iron deficiency at 12‐16 months. Jornal de Pediatria 2012;88(1):33‐9. - PubMed
Brent 1995 {published data only}
    1. Brent NB, Redd B, Dworetz A, D'Amico FD, Greenberg J. Breastfeeding in a low‐income population. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 1995;149(7):798‐803. - PubMed
Bunik 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bunik M, Beaty B, Dickinson M, Shobe P, Kempe A, O'Connor ME. Early formula supplementation in breastfeeding mothers: how much is too much for BF duration success?. Breastfeeding Medicine 2007;2(3):184.
    1. Bunik M, Shobe P, Crane L, Kempe A. Low‐income Latina mothers' perspectives on breastfeeding issues and participation in a telephone based support intervention. Breastfeeding Medicine 2007;2(3):184.
    1. Bunik M, Shobe P, O'Connor ME, Beaty B, Langendoerfer S, Crane L, et al. Are 2 weeks of daily breastfeeding support insufficient to overcome the influences of formula?. Academic Pediatrics 2010;10(1):21‐8. - PubMed
    1. Bunik M, Shobe P, O'Connor ME, Beaty B, Langendoerfer S, Crane L, et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate a telephone support intervention for breastfeeding in low‐income Latina mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine 2007;2(3):183.
    1. Bunik M, Shobe P, O'Connor ME, Beaty B, Langendoerfer S, Crane L, et al. Telephone support intervention for breastfeeding in low‐income Latina mothers. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2007 May 5‐8; Toronto, Canada. 2007.
Caldeira 2008 {published data only}
    1. Caldeira AP, Fagundes GC, Aguiar GN. Educational intervention on breastfeeding promotion to the Family Health Program team [Intervencao educacional em equipes de Programa de Saude de Familia para promocao da amamentacao]. Revista de Saude Publica 2008;42(6):1027‐33. - PubMed
Cameron 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cameron SL, Heath AM, Gray AR, Churcher B, Davies RS, Newlands A, et al. Lactation consultant support from late pregnancy with an educational intervention at 4 months of age delays the introduction of complementary foods in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2015;145:1481‐90. - PubMed
    1. Cameron SL, Taylor RW, Gray AR, Taylor BJ, Heath AL. Exclusive breastfeeding to six months: Results from a randomised controlled trial including lactation consultant support. FASEB Journal 2013;27(Suppl):[Abstract no: lb345].
    1. Fangupo LJ, Heath AM, Williams SM, Somerville MR, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Impact of an early‐life intervention on the nutrition behaviors of 2‐y‐old children: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(3):704‐12. - PubMed
Chapman 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chapman D, Damio G, Young S, Perez‐Escamilla R. Association of degree and timing of exposure to breastfeeding peer counseling services with breastfeeding duration. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2004;554:303‐6. - PubMed
    1. Chapman DJ, Damio G, Perez‐Escamilla R. Differential response to breastfeeding peer counseling within a low‐Income, predominantly Latina population. Journal of Human Lactation 2004;20(4):389‐96. - PubMed
    1. Chapman DJ, Damio GD, Young S, Perez‐Escamilla R. Effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counseling in a low‐income, predominantly Latina population. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(9):897‐902. - PubMed
    1. Chapman DJ, Perez‐Escamilla R. Acculturative type is associated with breastfeeding duration among low‐income Latinas. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2013;9(2):188‐98. - PMC - PubMed
Chapman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chapman DJ, Bermudez‐Millan A, Wetzel K, Damio G, Kyer N, Young S, et al. Breastfeeding education and support trial for obese women. FASEB 2008;22:1080.4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chapman DJ, Morel K, Bermudez‐Millan A, Young S, Damio G, Perez‐Escamilla R. Breastfeeding education and support trial for overweight and obese women: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2013;131(1):e162‐e170. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Morel K, Chapman DJ, Kyer N, Bermudez‐Millan A, Young S, Perez‐Escamilla R. Peer counselors improve breastfeeding technique among low‐income, obese women. FASEB Journal 2010;24(Suppl):[Abstract no. 91.7].
Chen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chen CH. Effects of home visits and telephone contacts on breastfeeding compliance in Taiwan. Maternal‐Child Nursing Journal 1993;21(3):82‐90. - PubMed
Coutinho 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bechara Coutinho S, Cabral de Lira P, Carvalho Lima M, Ashworth A. Comparison of the effects of two systems for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. Lancet 2005;366:1094‐100. - PubMed
Dennis 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dennis CL. A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effect of Peer (Mother‐to‐Mother) Support on Breastfeeding Duration Among Primiparous Women [PhD dissertation]. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto, 1999.
    1. Dennis CL. Breastfeeding peer support: maternal and volunteer perceptions from a randomised controlled trial. Birth 2002;29:169‐76. - PubMed
    1. Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Gallop R, Chalmers B. The effect of peer support on breastfeeding duration among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002;166(1):21‐8. - PMC - PubMed
de Oliveira 2006 {published data only}
    1. Oliveira LD, Giugliani ER, do Espirito Santo LC, Franca MC, Weigert EM, Kohler CV, et al. Effect of intervention to improve breastfeeding technique on the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding and lactation‐related problems. Journal of Human Lactation 2006;22(3):315‐21. - PubMed
Di Meglio 2010 {published data only}
    1. Meglio GD, McDermott MP, Klein JD. A randomized controlled trial of telephone peer support's influence on breastfeeding duration in adolescent mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine 2010;5:41‐7. - PubMed
Di Napoli 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Napoli A, Lallo D, Fortes C, Franceschelli C, Armeni E, Guasticchi G. Home breastfeeding support by health professionals: findings of a randomised controlled trial in a population of Italian women. Acta Paediatrica 2004;93:1108‐14. - PubMed
Edwards 2013 {published data only}
    1. Edwards C, Thullen J, Korfmacher J, Lantos D, Henson G, Hans L. Breastfeeding and complementary food: randomized trial of community doula home visiting. Pediatrics 2013;132:S160‐6. - PubMed
Efrat 2015 {published data only}
    1. Efrat MW, Esparza S, Mendelson SG, Lane CJ. The effect of lactation educators implementing a telephone‐based intervention among low‐income Hispanics: a randomised trial. Health Education Journal 2015;74(4):424‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Ekstrom 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ekstrom A, Nissen E. A mother's feelings for her infant are strengthened by excellent breastfeeding counseling and continuity of care. Pediatrics 2006;118(2):e309‐14. - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom A, Widstrom AM, Nissen E. Does continuity of care by well‐trained breastfeeding counselors improve a mother's perception of support?. Birth 2006;33(2):123‐30. - PubMed
Elliott‐Rudder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Elliott‐Rudder M, Pilotto L, McIntyre E, Ramanathan S. Motivational interviewing improves exclusive breastfeeding in an Australian randomised controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica 2014;103(1):e11‐6. - PubMed
Ellis 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ellis DJ, Hewat RJ. Factors related to breastfeeding duration. Canadian Family Physician 1984;30:1479‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Frank 1987 {published data only}
    1. Frank DA, Wirtz SJ, Sorensen JR, Heeren T. Commercial hospital discharge packs and breastfeeding counseling: effects on infant feeding practices in a randomized trial. Pediatrics 1987;80(6):845‐54. - PubMed
Froozani 1999 {published data only}
    1. Froozani MD, Permehzadeh K, Motlagh AR, Golestan B. Effect of breastfeeding education on the feeding pattern and health of infants in their first 4 months in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999;77(5):381‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Fu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fu IC, Fong DY, Heys M, Lee IL, Sham A, Tarrant M. Professional breastfeeding support for first‐time mothers: a multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2014;121:1673‐84. - PubMed
    1. Tarrant M, Fong DY, Heys M, Lee IL, Sham A, Hui Choi EW. Professional breastfeeding support to increase the exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine 2014;20(6 Suppl 7):34‐5. - PubMed
Gagnon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gagnon AJ, Dougherty G, Jimenez V, Leduc N. Randomized trial of postpartum care after hospital discharge. Pediatrics 2002;109(6):1074‐80. - PubMed
Graffy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Graffy J, Taylor J. What information, advice and support do women want with breastfeeding?. Birth 2005;32(3):179‐86. - PubMed
    1. Graffy J, Taylor J, Williams A, Eldridge S. Randomised controlled trial of support from volunteer counsellors for mothers considering breast feeding. BMJ 2004;328(7430):26‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Gross 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gross SM, Caulfield LE, Bentley ME, Bronner Y, Kessler L, Jensen J, et al. Counseling and motivational videotapes increase duration of breast‐feeding in African‐American WIC participants who initiate breast‐feeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1998;98:143‐8. - PubMed
Grossman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Grossman LK, Harter C, Kay A. Postpartum lactation counseling for low‐income women. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1987;141:375. - PubMed
    1. Grossman LK, Harter C, Kay A. The effect of postpartum lactation counseling on the duration of breastfeeding in low‐income women. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood 1990;144(4):471‐4. - PubMed
Haider 2000 {published data only}
    1. Haider R, Ashworth A, Kabir I, Huttly S. Effects of community‐based peer counsellors on exclusive breastfeeding practices in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;356:1643‐7. - PubMed
    1. Haider R, Kabir I, Huttley SRA, Ashworth A. Training peer counselors to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh. Journal of Human Lactation 2002;18(1):7‐12. - PubMed
Hall 1978 {published data only}
    1. Hall JM. Influencing breastfeeding success. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1978;7:28‐32. - PubMed
Hanson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hanson C, Manzi F, Mkumbo E, Shirima K, Penfold S, Hill Z, et al. Effectiveness of a home‐based counselling strategy on neonatal care and survival: a cluster‐randomised trial in six districts of rural Southern Tanzania. PLOS Medicine 2015;12(9):e1001881. - PMC - PubMed
Hoddinott 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hoddinott P. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of breastfeeding peer support groups in improving breastfeeding initiation, duration and satisfaction. National Research Register (www.nrr.nhs.uk) (accessed 6 July 2006) 2006.
    1. Hoddinott P, Britten J, Pill R. Why do interventions work in some places and not others: a breastfeeding support group trial. Social Science & Medicine 2010;70(5):769‐78. - PubMed
    1. Hoddinott P, Britten J, Prescott GJ, Tappin D, Ludbrook A, Godden DJ. Effectiveness of policy to provide breastfeeding groups (BIG) for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;338:a3026. - PMC - PubMed
Hoddinott 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hoddinott P, Craig L, MacLennan G, Boyers D, Vale L. The FEeding Support Team (FEST) randomised, controlled feasibility trial of proactive and reactive telephone support for breastfeeding women living in disadvantaged areas. BMJ Open 2012;2(2):e000652. - PMC - PubMed
Hopkinson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hopkinson J, Konefal Gallagher M. Assignment to a hospital‐based breastfeeding clinic and exclusive breastfeeding among immigrant Hispanic mothers: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2009;25(3):287‐96. - PubMed
Howell 2014 {published data only}
    1. Howell EA, Bodnar‐Deren S, Balbierz A, Parides M, Bickell N. An intervention to extend breastfeeding among black and Latina mothers after delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2014;210:239.e1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN47056748 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN47056748. Successful breastfeeding promotion: a motivational instructional model applied and tested. isrctn.com/ISRCTN47056748 Date first received: 16 July 2007.
Jenner 1988 {published data only}
    1. Jenner S. The influence of additional information, advice and support on the success of breast feeding in working class primiparas. Child Care, Health and Development 1988;14(5):319‐28. - PubMed
Jolly 2012a {published data only}
    1. Jolly K, IngramL, Freemantle N, Khan K, Chambers J, Hamburger R, et al. Effect of a peer support service on breast‐feeding continuation in the UK: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2012;28(6):740‐5. - PubMed
Jones 1985 {published data only}
    1. Jones D, West R. Effect of a lactation nurse on the success of breast‐feeding: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1986;40(1):45‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jones DA, West RR. Lactation nurse increases duration of breastfeeding. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1985;60(8):772‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Kaojuri 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kaojuri DM, Sakakky M, Hosseini F, Kherkhah M. Comparison of the effect of two methods of home visit for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in caesarean section mothers in Iran university of medical sciences 2008. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S150.
Khresheh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Khresheh R, Suhaimat A, Jalamdeh F, Barclay L. The effect of a postnatal education and support program on breastfeeding among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1058‐66. - PubMed
Kools 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kools EJ, Thijs C, Kester ADM, Brandt PA, Vries H. A breast‐feeding promotion and support program a randomized trial in the Netherlands. Preventive Medicine 2005;40:60‐70. - PubMed
Kramer 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kramer M, Matush L, Vanilovich I, Platt R, Mazer B. Does breastfeeding help prevent asthma and allergy? Evidence from a randomized trial in Belarus. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;163(Suppl 11):S85.
    1. Kramer MS. "Breast is best": the evidence. Early Human Development 2010;86(11):729‐32. - PubMed
    1. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008;65(5):578‐84. - PubMed
    1. Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett E, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285(4):413‐20. - PubMed
    1. Kramer MS, Fombonne E, Igumnov S, Vanilovich I, Matush L, Mironova E, et al. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child behavior and maternal adjustment: evidence from a large, randomized trial. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e435‐40. - PubMed
Kronborg 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kronborg H, Vaeth M. How are effective breastfeeding technique and pacifier use related to breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding duration?. Birth 2009;36(1):34‐42. - PubMed
    1. Kronborg H, Vaeth M, Olsen J, Harder I. Health visitors and breastfeeding support: influence of knowledge and self‐efficacy. European Journal of Public Health 2008;18(3):283‐8. - PubMed
    1. Kronborg H, Vaeth M, Olsen J, Iversen L, Harder I. Effect of early postnatal breastfeeding support: a cluster‐randomized community based trial. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96(7):1064‐70. - PubMed
Labarere 2005 {published data only}
    1. Labarere J, Gelbert‐Baudino N, Ayral AS, Duc C, Berchotteau M, Bouchon N, et al. Efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early, routine, preventive visit: a prospective, randomized, open trial of 226 mother‐infant pairs. Pediatrics 2005;115(2):e139‐46. - PubMed
Laliberte 2016 {published data only}
    1. Laliberte C, Dunn S, Pound C, Sourial N, Yasseen AS, Millar D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of innovative postpartum care model for mother‐baby dyads. PLOS One 2016;11(2):e0148520. - PMC - PubMed
Leite 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leite AJ, Puccini RF, Atallah AN, Alves da Cunha AL, Machado MT. Effectiveness of home‐based peer counselling to promote breastfeeding in the northeast of Brazil: a randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94:741‐6. - PubMed
    1. Leite AJM, Puccini R, Atallah A, Cunha A, Machado M, Capiberibe A, et al. Impact on breastfeeding practices promoted by lay counselors: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998;51(Suppl 1):S10.
Lucchini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lucchini C, Uribe TC, Villarroel PL, Rojas RA. Randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating determinants of successful breastfeeding: follow‐up two months after comprehensive intervention versus standard care delivery [Determinantes para una lactancia materna exitosa: Intervencion integral vs cuidado estandar. Ensayo clinico aleatorio controlado]. Revista Chilena de Pediatria 2013;84(2):138‐44.
Lynch 1986 {published data only}
    1. Lynch SA, Koch AM, Hislop TG, Coldman AJ. Evaluating the effect of a breastfeeding consultant on the duration of breastfeeding. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1986;77(3):190‐5. - PubMed
McDonald 2010 {published data only}
    1. McDonald SJ, Henderson JJ, Evans SF, Faulkner S, Hagan R. Effect of an extended midwifery support program on the duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. [abstract]. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 7th Annual Congress; 2003 March 9‐12; Tasmania, Australia. 2003:A68.
    1. McDonald SJ, Henderson JJ, Faulkner S, Evans SF, Hagan R. Effect of an extended midwifery postnatal support programme on the duration of breast feeding: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2010;26(1):88‐100. - PubMed
McKeever 2002 {published data only}
    1. McKeever P, Stevens B, Miller KL, MacDonell K, Gibbins S, Guerriere D, et al. Home versus hospital breastfeeding support for newborns: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2002;29(4):258‐65. - PubMed
    1. Stevens B, Guerriere D, McKeever P, Croxford R, Miller KL, Watson‐MacDonell J, et al. Economics of home vs. hospital breastfeeding support for newborns. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006;53(2):233‐43. - PubMed
    1. Stevens B, McKeever P, Coyte P, Daub S, Dunn M, Gibbins S, et al. The impact of home versus hospital support of breastfeeding on neonatal outcomes. Pediatric Research 2001;49 Suppl(4):261A.
McLachlan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Forster D, Mclachlan H. Supporting breastfeeding in local communities (SILC): a cluster randomised controlled trial in Victoria, Australia. International Confederation of Midwives 30th Triennial Congress. Midwives: Improving Women’s Health; 2014 June 1‐4; Prague, Czech Republic. 2014:C138.
    1. McLachlan H, Forster D, Amir L, Small R, Cullinane M, Watson L, et al. Supporting breastfeeding in local communities (silc): results of a cluster randomised trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2015;51:48.
    1. McLachlan HL, Forster DA, Amir LH, Cullinane M, Shafiei T, Watson LF, et al. Supporting breastfeeding in local communities (silc) in Victoria, Australia: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(2):e008292. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McLachlan HL, Forster DA, Amir LH, Small R, Cullinane M, Watson LF, et al. Supporting breastfeeding In Local Communities (SILC): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):346. - PMC - PubMed
McQueen 2009 {published data only}
    1. McQueen KA. Improving Breastfeeding Outcomes: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Self‐Efficacy Intervention with Primiparous Mothers [thesis]. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2009.
McQueen 2011 {published data only}
    1. McQueen KA, Dennis CL, Stremler R, Norman CD. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding self‐efficacy intervention with primiparous mothers. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 2011;40:35‐46. - PubMed
Mejdoubi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mejdoubi J, Heijkant SC, Leerdam FJ, Crone M, Crijnen A, HiraSing RA. Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking pregnancy outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Midwifery 2014;30:688‐95. - PubMed
Mongeon 1995 {published data only}
    1. Mongeon M, Allard R. A controlled study with regular telephonic support given by volunteers on the progress and outcome of breast‐feeding [Essai controle d'un soutien telephonique regulier donne par une benevole sur le deroulment et l'issus de l'allaitment]. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 1995;86(2):124‐7. - PubMed
Morrell 2000 {published data only}
    1. Morrell CJ, Spiby H, Stewart P, Walters S, Morgan A. Costs and effectiveness of community postnatal support workers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321(7261):593‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Morrow 1999 {published data only}
    1. Morrow AL, Lourdes Guerrero M. From bio‐active substances to research on breastfeeding promotion. In: Newburg editor(s). Bioactive Components of Human Milk. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001:447‐55.
    1. Morrow AL, Lourdes Guerrero M, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Ruiz‐Palacios GM, et al. Efficacy of home‐based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353(9160):1226‐31. - PubMed
Muirhead 2006 {published data only}
    1. Muirhead PE, Butcher G, Rankin J, Munley A. The effect of a programme of organised and supervised peer support on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised trial. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(524):191‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Ochola 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ochola A, Labadarios D, Nduati W. Impact of counselling on exclusive breast‐feeding practices in a poor urban setting in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2013;16(10):1732‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Paul 2012 {published data only}
    1. Paul IM, Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Hollenbeak CS, Alleman N, Sturgis SA. A randomized trial of nurse home visits vs. office‐based care after nursery/maternity discharge. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30‐May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011:2300.6.
    1. Paul IM, Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Hollenbeak CS, Alleman N, Sturgis SA, et al. A randomized trial of single home nursing visits vs office‐based care after nursery/maternity discharge: the Nurses for Infants Through Teaching and Assessment After the Nursery (NITTANY) Study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(3):263‐70. - PubMed
Petrova 2009 {published data only}
    1. Petrova A, Ayers C, Stechna S, Gerling JA, Mehta R. Effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in low‐income mothers: a randomized controlled study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2009;4(2):63‐9. - PubMed
Porteous 2000 {published data only}
    1. Porteous R, Kaufman K, Rush J. The effect of individualized professional support on duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2000;16(4):303‐8. - PubMed
Pugh 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pugh LC, Milligan RA. Nursing intervention to increase the duration of breastfeeding. Applied Nursing Research 1998;11(4):190‐4. - PubMed
Pugh 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pugh L, Milligan R, Frick K, Spatz D, Bronner Y. Breastfeeding duration, costs, and benefits of a support program for low‐income breastfeeding women. Birth 2002;29(2):95‐100. - PubMed
Pugh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Frick D, Pugh C, Milligan A. Costs related to promoting breastfeeding among urban low‐income women. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2012;41(1):144‐51. - PubMed
    1. Pugh LC, Nanda JP, Frick KD, Sharps PW, Spatz DL, Serwint JR, et al. A randomized controlled community‐based trial to improve breastfeeding among urban low‐income mothers. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2007 May 5‐8; Toronto, Canada 2007. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pugh LC, Serwint JR, Frick KD, Nanda JP, Sharps PW, Spatz DL, et al. A randomized controlled community‐based trial to improve breastfeeding rates among urban low‐income mothers. Academic Pediatrics 2010;10(1):14‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Quinlivan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Quinlivan JA, Box H, Evans SF. Postnatal home visits in teenage mothers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9361):893‐900. - PubMed
Ransjo‐Arvidson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ransjo‐Arvidson AB, Chintu K, Ng'andu N, Eriksson B, Susu B, Christensson K, et al. Maternal and infant health problems after normal childbirth: a randomised controlled study in Zambia. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1998;52:385‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Redman 1995 {published data only}
    1. Redman S, Watkins J, Evans L, Lloyd D. Evaluation of an Australian intervention to encourage breast feeding in primiparous women. Health Promotion International 1995;10(2):101‐13.
Santiago 2003 {published data only}
    1. Santiago LB, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Guttierrez MR, Ciampo LA. Promotion of breastfeeding: the importance of pediatricians with specific training [Incentivo ao aleitamento materno: a importancia do pediatra com treinamento especifico]. Jornal de Pediatria 2003;79(6):504‐12. - PubMed
Serafino‐Cross 1992 {published data only}
    1. Serafino‐Cross P, Donovan P. Effectiveness of professional breastfeeding home‐support. Society for Nutrition Education 1992;24(3):117‐22.
Sikander 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sikander S, Maselko J, Zafar S, Haq Z, Ahmad I, Ahmad M, et al. Cognitive‐behavioral counseling for exclusive breastfeeding in rural pediatrics: a cluster RCT. Pediatrics 2015;135(2):e424‐e431. - PubMed
Simonetti 2012 {published data only}
    1. Simonetti V, Palma E, Giglio A, Mohn A, Cicolini G. A structured telephonic counselling to promote the exclusive breastfeeding of healthy babies aged zero to six months: a pilot study. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012;18(3):289‐94. - PubMed
Sjolin 1979 {published data only}
    1. Sjolin S, Hofvander Y, Hillervik C. A prospective study of individual courses of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1979;68(4):521‐9. - PubMed
Srinivas 2015 {published data only}
    1. Srinivas GL, Benson M, Worley S, Schulte E. A clinic‐based breastfeeding peer counselor intervention in an urban, low‐income population: interaction with breastfeeding attitude. Journal of Human Lactation 2015;31(1):120‐8. - PubMed
    1. Srinivas GL, Worley S. Effect of office‐based peer counselor on breastfeeding rates in an urban low‐income clinic. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4‐7; Washington DC, USA. 2013.
Stockdale 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stockdale J, Sinclair M, Kernohan G, Keller JM, Dunwoody L, Cunningham JB, et al. Feasibility study to test Designer Breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Evidence Based Midwifery 2008;6(3):76‐82.
Su 2007 {published data only}
    1. Su LL, Chong YS, Chan YH, Chan YS, Fok D, Tun KT, et al. Antenatal education and postnatal support strategies for improving rates of exclusive breast feeding: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335(7620):596. - PMC - PubMed
Tahir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tahir NM, Al‐Sadat N. Does telephone lactation counselling improve breastfeeding practices? A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013;50(1):16‐25. - PubMed
Tylleskar 2011a {published data only}
    1. Birungi N, Fadnes LT, Okullo I, Kasangaki A, Nankabirwa V, Ndeezi G, et al. Effect of breastfeeding promotion on early childhood caries and breastfeeding duration among 5 year old children in Eastern Uganda: a cluster randomized trial. PLOS One 2015;10(5):e0125352. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Nkonki L, Nankabirwa V, Sommerfelt H, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of peer counselling for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. PLOS One 2015;10(11):e0142718. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Robberstad B, et al. Infant feeding survival and Markov transition probabilities among children under age 6 months in Uganda. American Journal of Epidemiology 2013;177(5):453‐62. - PubMed
    1. Doherty T, Sanders D, Jackson D, Swanevelder S, Lombard C, Zembe W, et al. Early cessation of breastfeeding amongst women in South Africa: an area needing urgent attention to improve child health. BMC Pediatrics 2012;12:105. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Engebretsen I, Nankunda J, Nankabirwa V, Diallo A, Fadnes L, Doherty T, et al. Early infant feeding practices in the Promise‐EBF trial: promotion of exclusive breastfeeding by peer counsellors in three countries in Africa. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):709, Abstract no: PO940.
Tylleskar 2011b {published data only}
    1. NCT00397150. PROMISE EBF: safety and efficacy of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in the era of HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00397150 Date first received: 7 November 2006.
    1. Nankunda J, Turnwine JK, Nakabirwa V, Tylleskar T, PROMISE‐EBF SG. "She would sit with me": mothers' experiences of individual peer support for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal 2010;5:16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tylleskar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub‐Saharan Africa (PROMISE‐EBF): a cluster‐randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378(9789):420‐7. - PubMed
Tylleskar 2011c {published data only}
    1. Nankunda J, Turnwine JK, Nakabirwa V, Tylleskar T, PROMISE‐EBF SG. "She would sit with me": mothers' experiences of individual peer support for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal 2010;5:16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tylleskar T. PROMISE EBF: safety and efficacy of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in the era of HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 20 February 2008).
    1. Tylleskar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub‐Saharan Africa (PROMISE‐EBF): a cluster‐randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378(9789):420‐7. - PubMed
Vidas 2011 {published data only}
    1. Vidas M, Folnegovic‐Smalc V, Catipovic M, Kisic M. The application of autogenic training in counseling center for mother and child in order to promote breastfeeding. Collegium Antropologicum 2011;35(3):723‐31. - PubMed
Vitolo 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Dal Bo Campagnolo P, Feldens CA. Effectiveness of a nutrition program in reducing symptoms of respiratory morbidity in children: a randomized field trial. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(4):384‐8. - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Feldens CA, Drachler Mde L. Impacts of the 10 Steps to Healthy Feeding in Infants: a randomized field trial [Impactos da implementacao dos dez passos da alimentacao saudavel para criancas: ensaio de campo randomizado]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2005;21(5):1448‐57. - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Rauber F, Campagnolo PD, Feldens CA, Hoffman DJ. Maternal dietary counseling in the first year of life is associated with a higher healthy eating index in childhood. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(11):2002‐7. - PubMed
Wambach 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00222118. Kansas University Teen Mothers Project. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00222118 Date first received: 13 September 2005.
    1. Wambach K, Rojjanasrirat W, Williams Domian E, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Yeh HW. Effects of a peer counselor and lactation consultant on breastfeeding initiation and duration. Journal of Human Lactation 2009;25(1):101‐2.
    1. Wambach KA, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Domian EW, Rojjanasrirat W, Yeh HW. A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2011;33(4):486‐505. - PubMed
Wen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Rissel C, Simpson JM. A randomized controlled trial of an early intervention on childhood obesity: results from the first 12 months. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011;19(Suppl 1):S67.
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Flood VM. Effectiveness of an early intervention on infant feeding practices and "tummy time": a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165(8):701‐7. - PubMed
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Wardle K, Flood VM. Effectiveness of home based early intervention on children's BMI at age 2: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online) 2012;345(7865):e3732. - PMC - PubMed
Wilhelm 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wilhelm L, Aguirre M, Koehler E, Rodehorst TK. Evaluating motivational interviewing to promote breastfeeding by rural Mexican‐American mothers: the challenge of attrition. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 2015;38(1):7‐22. - PubMed
Winterburn 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Winterburn S, Moyez J, Thompson J. Maternal grandmothers and support for breastfeeding. Journal of Community Nursing 2003;17(12):4‐9.
Wolfberg 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wolfberg AJ, Michels KB, Shields W, O'Campo P, Bronner Y, Bienstock J. Dads as breastfeeding advocates: results from a randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191:708‐12. - PubMed
Wrenn 1997 {published data only}
    1. Wrenn SE. Effects of a model‐based intervention on breastfeeding attrition [dissertation]. San Antonio: University of Texas, 1997.
Wu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wu DS, Hu J, McCoy TP, Efird JT. The effects of a breastfeeding self‐efficacy intervention on short‐term breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous mothers in Wuhan, China. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2014;70(8):1867‐79. - PubMed
Yotebieng 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yotebieng M, Labbok M, Soeters HM, Chalachala JL, Lapika B, Vitta BS, et al. Ten steps to successful breastfeeding programme to promote early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding in dr congo: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health 2015;3(9):e546‐55. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12614000605695 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000605695. Parent Infant Feeding Initiative: a randomised controlled trial involving fathers and mothers to enhance breastfeeding duration with two medium level intervention groups, one high level intervention group and a control group receiving usual care. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366435. ACTRN12614000605695 Date first received: 6 June 2014.
ACTRN12615000063516 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000063516. Improving infant feeding practices of women in Yangon region: a randomized controlled trial of a mobile phone communications intervention and evaluation of its effectiveness in Myanmar. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367704 Date first received: 23 January 2015.
Agrasada 2005 {published data only}
    1. Agrasada GV, Ewald U, Kylberg E, Gustafsson J. Exclusive breastfeeding of low birth weight infants for the first six months: infant morbidity and maternal and infant anthropometry. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;20(1):62‐8. - PubMed
    1. Agrasada GV, Gustafsson J, Kylberg E, Ewald U. Postnatal peer counselling on exclusive breastfeeding or low‐birthweight infants: a randomised, controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94:1109‐15. - PubMed
    1. Agrasada GV, Kylberg E. When and why Filipino mothers of term low birth weight infants interrupted breastfeeding exclusively. Breastfeeding Review 2009;17(3):5‐10. - PubMed
Ahmed 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AH. Breastfeeding preterm infants: an educational program to support mothers of preterm infants in Cairo, Egypt. Pediatric Nursing 2008;34(2):125‐30. - PubMed
    1. Ahmed AH. Effect of breastfeeding educational program based on Bandura's social cognitive theory on breastfeeding outcomes among mothers of preterm infants to support breastfeeding mothers. Journal of Human Lactation 2010;26(1):60.
Ahmed 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AH, Roumani AM, Szucs K, Zhang L, King D. The effect of interactive web‐based monitoring on breastfeeding exclusivity, intensity, and duration in healthy, term infants after hospital discharge. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 2016;45(2):143‐154. - PMC - PubMed
Ball 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ball HL, Ward‐Platt MP, Howel D, Russell C. Randomised trial of sidecar crib use on breastfeeding duration (NECOT). Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011;96(7):630‐4. - PubMed
Baqui 2008 {published data only}
    1. Baqui AH, Arifeen SE, Rosen HE, Mannan I, Rahman SM, Al‐Mahmud AB, et al. Community‐based validation of assessment of newborn illnesses by trained community health workers in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2009;14(12):1448‐56. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baqui AH, El‐Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Ahmed S, Williams EK, Seraji HR, et al. Effect of community‐based newborn‐care intervention package implemented through two service‐delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9628):1936‐44. - PubMed
Barlow 2006 {published data only}
    1. Barlow A, Varipatis‐Baker E, Speakman K, Ginsburg G, Friberg I, Goklish N, et al. Home‐visiting intervention to improve child care among American Indian adolescent mothers: a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(11):1101‐7. - PubMed
Barnet 2002 {published data only}
    1. Barnet B, Duggan AK, Devoe M, Burrell L. The effect of volunteer home visitation for adolescent mothers on parenting and mental health outcomes: a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2002;156:1216‐22. - PubMed
Beiler 2011 {published data only}
    1. Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Alleman N, Paul IM. Newborn anticipatory guidance delivered at office‐based vs. home nurse visits. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30‐May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011.
Benitez 1992 {published data only}
    1. Benitez I, Cruz J, Suplido A, Oblepias V, Kennedy K, Visness C. Extending lactational amenorrhoea in Manila: a successful breast‐feeding education programme. Journal of Biosocial Science 1992;24(2):211‐31. - PubMed
Bica 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bica OC, Giugliani ER. Influence of counseling sessions on the prevalence of breastfeeding in the first year of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) 2014;41(1):39‐45. - PubMed
    1. Nunes LM, Giugliani ER, Santo LC, Oliveira LD. Reduction of unnecessary intake of water and herbal teas on breast‐fed infants: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Journal of Adolescent Health 2011;49(3):258‐65. - PubMed
    1. Schwartz R, Vigo A, Oliveira LD, Giugliani ERJ. The effect of a pro‐breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding intervention targeting adolescent mothers and grandmothers on growth and prevalence of overweight of preschool children. PLOS One 2015;10(7):e0131884. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Soldateli B, Vigo A, Giugliani ER. Effect of pattern and duration of breastfeeding on the consumption of fruits and vegetables among preschool children. PLOS One 2016;11(2):e0148357. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oliveira LD, Giugliani ER, Santo LC, Nunes LM. Impact of a strategy to prevent the introduction of non‐breast milk and complementary foods during the first 6months of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Early Human Development 2012;88(6):357‐61. - PubMed
Black 2001 {published data only}
    1. Black MM, Siegel EH, Abel Y, Bentley ME. Home and videotape intervention delays early complementary feeding among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics 2001;107:E67. - PubMed
Blixt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Blixt I, Martensson LB, Ekstrom AC. Process‐oriented training in breastfeeding for health professionals decreases women's experiences of breastfeeding challenges. International Breastfeeding Journal 2014;9:15. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom A, Kylberg E, Nissen E, Ekstrom A, Kylberg E, Nissen E. A process‐oriented breastfeeding training program for healthcare professionals to promote breastfeeding: an intervention study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012;7(2):85‐92. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom AC, Thorstensson S. Nurses and midwives professional support increases with improved attitudes ‐ design and effects of a longitudinal randomized controlled process‐oriented intervention. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15(1):275. - PMC - PubMed
Bolam 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bolam A, Manandhar DS, Shrestha P, Ellis M, Costello AM. The effects of postnatal health education for mothers on infant care and family planning practices in Nepal: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1998;316(7134):805‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2008 {published data only}
    1. Brown LP. Breastfeeding services for LBW infants ‐ outcomes and cost. CRISP (http://crisp.cit.nih.gov) (accessed 17 June 2008) 2008.
    1. Zukowsky K. Breast‐fed low‐birth‐weight premature neonates: developmental assessment and nutritional intake in the first 6 months of life. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2007;21(3):242‐9. - PubMed
Byas 2011 {published data only}
    1. Byas P, Du H. Dads championing breastfeeding. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2011;40(Suppl 1):S99‐S100.
Carlsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carlsen EM, Kyhnaeb A, Renault KM, Cortes D, Michaelsen KF, Pryds O. Telephone‐based support prolongs breastfeeding duration in obese women: a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(5):1226‐32. - PubMed
Cattaneo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cattaneo A, Buzzetti R. Effect on rates of breast feeding of training for the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. BMJ 2001;323(7325):1358‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Caulfield 1998 {published data only}
    1. Caulfield LE, Gross SM, Bentley ME, Bronner Y, Kessler L, Jensen J, et al. WIC‐based interventions to promote breastfeeding among African‐American women in Baltimore: effects on breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Journal of Human Lactation 1998;14(1):15‐22. - PubMed
Chapman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chapman DJ, Morel K, Bermudez‐Millan A, Young S, Damio G, Kyer N, et al. Breastfeeding education and support trial for obese women: effects of a specialized peer counseling intervention on breastfeeding and health outcomes. Journal of Human Lactation 2011;27(1):75‐6.
Christie 2011 {published data only}
    1. Christie J, Bunting B. The effect of health visitors' postpartum home visit frequency on first‐time mothers: cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(6):689‐702. - PubMed
Davies‐Adetugbo 1996 {published data only}
    1. Davies‐Adetugbo AA. Promotion of breastfeeding in the community: impact of health education programme in rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 1996;14(1):5‐11. - PubMed
Davies‐Adetugbo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Davies‐Adetugbo AA, Adetugbo K, Orewole Y, Fabiyi AK. Breast‐feeding promotion in a diarrhoea programme in rural communities. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 1997;15(3):161‐6. - PubMed
Davis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Davis A. Effects of an Educational Intervention on Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitude in Providing Breastfeeding Support to Mothers [thesis]. University of Alabama, 2014.
Ebbeling 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ebbeling CB, Pearson MN, Sorensen G, Levine RA, Hebert JR, Salkeld JA, et al. Conceptualization and development of a theory‐based healthful eating and physical activity intervention for postpartum women who are low income. Health Promotion Practice 2007;8(1):50‐9. - PubMed
Edwards 2013a {published data only}
    1. Edwards RA, Bickmore T, Jenkins L, Foley M, Manjourides J. Use of an interactive computer agent to support breastfeeding. Maternal & Child Health Journal 2013;17(10):1961‐8. - PubMed
Ehrlich 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ehrlich SF, Hedderson MM, Feng J, Crites Y, Quesenberry CP, Ferrara A. Lifestyle intervention improves postpartum fasting glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes 2014;63(Suppl 1):A95, Abstract no: 363‐OR.
Eneroth 2007 {published data only}
    1. Eneroth H, Arifeen S, Kabir I, Persson LA, Lonnerdal B, Hossain MB, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding and infant iron and zinc status, the MINIMat study Bangladesh [abstract]. Journal of Human Lactation 2007;23(1):79‐80.
    1. Eneroth H, Arifeen S, Persson LA, Kabir I, Lonnerdal B, Hossain MB, et al. Duration of exclusive breast‐feeding and infant iron and zinc status in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition 2009;139(8):1562‐7. - PubMed
    1. Kabir I, Khan AI, Arifeen S, Alam DS, Persson LA. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation and breastfeeding counseling on postnatal growth of rural Bangladeshi children. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2009 May 2‐5; Baltimore, USA. 2009.
    1. Moore SE, Prentice AM, Coward WA, Wright A, Frongillo EA, Fulford AJ, et al. Use of stable‐isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(4):1075‐82. - PubMed
Ferrara 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Albright CL, Ehrlich SF, Quesenberry CP Jr, Peng T, et al. A pregnancy and postpartum lifestyle intervention in women with gestational diabetes mellitus reduces diabetes risk factors: a feasibility randomized control trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(7):1519‐25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00460018. Diet, exercise and breastfeeding intervention program for women with gestational diabetes (DEBI Trial). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00460018 Date first received: 11 April 2007.
Finch 2002 {published data only}
    1. Finch C, Daniel EL. Breastfeeding education program with incentives increases exclusive breastfeeding among urban WIC participants. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002;102(7):981‐4. - PubMed
Finch 2015 {published data only}
    1. Finch M, Yoong SL, Thomson RJ, Seward K, Cooney M, Jones J, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of an implementation intervention to increase healthy eating and physical activity‐promoting policies, and practices in centre‐based childcare services: study protocol. BMJ Open 2015;5(5):e006706. - PMC - PubMed
Flax 2014 {published data only}
    1. Flax V, Negerie M, Usman A, Leatherman S, Daza E, Bentley M. Nigerian women participating in an integrated microcredit and mhealth breastfeeding promotion intervention were more likely to adopt international breastfeeding recommendations. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):885, Abstract no: PO1294.
    1. Flax VL, Negerie M, Ibrahim AU, Leatherman S, Daza EJ, Bentley ME. Integrating group counseling, cell phone messaging, and participant‐generated songs and dramas into a microcredit program increases Nigerian women's adherence to international breastfeeding recommendations. Journal of Nutrition 2014;144(7):1120‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Forster 2004 {published data only}
    1. Forster D, McLachlan H, Lumley J, Beanland C, Waldenstrom U, Amir L. Two mid‐pregnancy interventions to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2004;31(3):176‐82. - PubMed
    1. Forster D, McLachlan H, Lumley J, Beanland C, Waldenstrom U, Harris H, et al. ABFAB. Attachment to the breast and family attitudes to breastfeeding. The effect of breastfeeding education in the middle of pregnancy on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2003;3(1):5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J. Factors associated with breastfeeding at six months postpartum in a group of Australian women. International Breastfeeding Journal 2006;1:18. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J, Beanland CJ, Waldenstrom U, Short RV, et al. ABFAB: attachment to the breast and family attitudes towards breastfeeding. The effect of breastfeeding education in the middle of pregnancy on the duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial [abstract]. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 7th Annual Congress; 2003 March 9‐12; Tasmania, Australia. 2003:A70. - PMC - PubMed
Forster 2006 {published data only}
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J. Risk factors for early cessation of breastfeeding: results from a randomised controlled trial. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 10th Annual Congress; 2006 April 3‐6; Perth, Australia. 2006:149.
Gagnon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gagnon AJ, Edgar L, Kramer MS, Papageorgiou A, Waghorn K, Klein MC. A randomized trial of a program of early postpartum discharge with nurse visitation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176:205‐11. - PubMed
Garcia‐Montrone 1996 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Montrone V, Rose JC. An education experience for promoting breast‐feeding and infant stimulation by low‐income women: a preliminary study. Cadernos de Saude Publica 1996;12(1):61‐8. - PubMed
Giglia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Giglia R, Cox K, Zhao Y, Binns CW. Exclusive breastfeeding increased by an internet intervention. Breastfeeding Medicine 2015;10(1):20‐5. - PubMed
Gijsbers 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Kester AD, Schayck CP. The success of an educational program to promote exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in families with a history of asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Asthma 2006;19(4):214‐22.
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Schayck CP. Factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in asthmatic families: the attitude‐social influence‐self‐efficacy model. Breastfeeding Medicine 2006;1(4):236‐46. - PubMed
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Schayck CP. Factors associated with the duration of exclusive breast‐feeding in asthmatic families. Health Education Research 2008;23(1):158‐69. - PubMed
Girish 2013 {published data only}
    1. Girish M, Mujawar N, Gotmare P, Paul N, Punia S, Pandey P. Impact and feasibility of breast crawl in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Perinatology 2013;33(4):288‐91. - PubMed
Guise 2003 {published data only}
    1. Guise JM, Palda V, Westhoff C, Chan BK, Helfand M, Lieu TA, et al. The effectiveness of primary care‐based interventions to promote breastfeeding: systematic evidence review and meta‐analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Family Medicine 2003;1(2):70‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Haider 1996 {published data only}
    1. Haider R, Islam A, Hamadani J, Amin NJ, Kabir I, Malek MA, et al. Breast‐feeding counseling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health 1997;1:355‐61.
    1. Haider R, Islam A, Hamadani J, Amin NJ, Kabir I, Malek MA, et al. Breastfeeding counselling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1996;74(2):173‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Haider 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haider SJ, Chang LV, Bolton TA, Gold JG, Olson BH. An evaluation of the effects of a breastfeeding support program on health outcomes. Health Services Research 2014;49(6):2017‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hall WA, Hauck Y. Getting it right: Australian primiparas' views about breastfeeding: a quasi‐experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2007;44(5):786‐95. - PubMed
Hanafi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hanafi MI, Shalaby SA, Falatah N, El‐Ammari H. Impact of health education on knowledge of, attitude to and practice of breastfeeding among women attending primary health care centres in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: controlled pre‐post study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2014;9(3):187‐93.
Harari 2014 {published data only}
    1. Harari N, Rosenthal MS, Griswold M, Goeschel L, Bozzi V, Fenick AM, et al. Impact of a text message intervention used as an adjunct tool by WIC breastfeeding counselors: the LATCH project. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2014 May 3‐6; Vancouver, Canada. 2014:Abstract no: 2195.6.
Hauck 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hauck YL, Dimmock JE. Evaluation of an information booklet on breastfeeding duration: a clinical trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1994;20(5):836‐43. - PubMed
Henderson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Henderson A, Stamp G, Pincombe J. Postpartum positioning and attachment education for increasing breastfeeding: a randomized trial. Birth 2001;28(4):236‐42. - PubMed
Hives‐Wood 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hives‐Wood S. Trial will test whether shopping vouchers encourage breast feeding. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2013;347:F6807. - PubMed
Hoddinott 2012a {published data only}
    1. Hoddinott P, Craig L, MacLennan G, Boyers D, Vale L. Process evaluation for the FEeding Support Team (FEST) randomised controlled feasibility trial of proactive and reactive telephone support for breastfeeding women living in disadvantaged areas. BMJ Open 2012;2(2):e001039. - PMC - PubMed
Ijumba 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ijumba P, Doherty T, Jackson D, Tomlinson M, Sanders D, Swanevelder S, et al. Effect of an integrated community‐based package for maternal and newborn care on feeding patterns during the first 12 weeks of life: a cluster‐randomized trial in a South African township. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(14):2660‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Israel‐Ballard 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02162498. Effect of feeding buddies on adherence to WHO PMTCT guidelines in South Africa. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02162498 Date first received: 10 June 2014.
Isselmann 2006 {published data only}
    1. Isselmann KF, Collins B, McCoy A. A prospective efficacy trial of a brief breastfeeding promotion intervention to prevent postpartum smoking relapse. American Public Health Association 134th Annual Meeting & Exposition 2006 Nov 4‐8; Boston, MA. 2006.
Jahan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jahan K, Roy SK, Mihrshahi S, Sultana N, Khatoon S, Roy H, et al. Short‐term nutrition education reduces low birthweight and improves pregnancy outcomes among urban poor women in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2014;35(4):414‐21. - PubMed
Jakobsen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jakobsen MS, Sodemann M, Biai S, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding is not likely to be cost effective in West Africa. A randomized intervention study from Guinea‐Bissau. Acta Paediatrica 2008;97:68‐75. - PubMed
Jang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jang GJ, Kim SH. Effects of breast‐feeding education and support services on breast‐feeding rates and infant's growth. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2010;40(2):277‐86. - PubMed
    1. Jang GJ, Kim SH, Jeong KS. Effect of postpartum breast‐feeding support by nurse on the breast‐feeding prevalence. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2008;38(1):172‐9. - PubMed
Johnston 2001 {published data only}
    1. Johnston BD, Huebner CE, Anderson ML, Tyll LT, Thompson RS. Healthy steps in an integrated delivery system: child and parent outcomes at 30 months. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(8):793‐800. - PubMed
    1. Johnston BD, Thompson RS, Huebner CE, Barlow WE, Tyll L. Expanded well‐child care with a pre‐natal component: early results from the group health evaluation of "healthy steps" [abstract]. Pediatric Research 2001;49(4):132A.
Jones 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jones E, Jones P, Spencer A. Breastfeeding and returning to work. Practising Midwife 2004;7(11):17‐8, 20, 22. - PubMed
Junior 2007 {published data only}
    1. Junior WS, Martinez FE. Effect of intervention on the rates of breastfeeding of very low birth weight newborns. Jornal de Pediatria 2007;83(6):541‐6. - PubMed
Katepa‐Bwalya 2011 {published data only}
    1. Katepa‐Bwalya M, Kankasa C, Babaniyi O, Siziya S. Effect of using HIV and infant feeding counselling cards on the quality of counselling provided to HIV positive mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Breastfeeding Journal 2011;6:13. - PMC - PubMed
Kistin 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kistin N, Abramson R, Dublin P. Effect of peer‐counsellors on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration among low‐income women. Journal of Human Lactation 1994;10(1):11‐5. - PubMed
Kronborg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kronborg H, Maimburg RD, Vaeth M. Antenatal training to improve breast feeding: a randomised trial. Midwifery 2012;28(6):784‐90. - PubMed
Labarere 2003 {published data only}
    1. Labarere J, Bellin V, Fourny M, Gagnaire JC, Francois P, Pons JC. Assessment of a structured in‐hospital educational intervention addressing breastfeeding: a prospective randomised open trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2003;110:847‐52. - PubMed
Labarere 2011 {published data only}
    1. Labarere J, Gelbert‐Baudino N, Laborde L, Arragain D, Schelstraete C, Francois P. CD‐ROM‐based program for breastfeeding mothers. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2011;7(3):263‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Lavender 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lavender T. Breastfeeding: expectations versus reality. 10th International Conference of Maternity Care Researchers; 2004 June 13‐16; Lund, Sweden. 2004:12.
    1. Lavender T, Baker L, Smyth R, Collins S, Spofforth A, Dey P. Breastfeeding expectations versus reality: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112:1047‐53. - PubMed
Lewin 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lewin SA, Dick J, Pond P, Zwarenstein M, Aja G, Wyk B, et al. Lay health workers in primary and community health care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004015.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Lieu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lieu TA, Braveman PA, Escobar GJ, Fischer AF, Jensvold NG, Capra AM. A randomized comparison of home and clinic follow‐up visits after early postpartum hospital discharge. Pediatrics 2000;105:1058‐65. - PubMed
Louzada 2012 {published data only}
    1. Louzada ML, Campagnolo PD, Rauber F, Vitolo MR. Long‐term effectiveness of maternal dietary counseling in a low‐income population: a randomized field trial. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):e1477‐e1484. - PubMed
MacArthur 2002 {published data only}
    1. MacArthur C, Winter HR, Bick DE, Knowles H, Lilford R, Henderson C, et al. Effects of redesigned community postnatal care on women's health 4 months after birth: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:378‐85. - PubMed
MacArthur 2009 {published data only}
    1. MacArthur C, Jolly K, Ingram L, Freemantle N, Dennis CL, Hamburger R, et al. Antenatal peer support workers and initiation of breast feeding: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;338:b131. - PMC - PubMed
Mannan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mannan I, Rahman SM, Sania A, Seraji HR, Arifeen SE, Winch PJ, et al. Can early postpartum home visits by trained community health workers improve breastfeeding of newborns?. Journal of Perinatology 2008;28(9):632‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Martin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Martin J, MacDonald‐Wicks L, Hure A, Smith R, Collins CE. Reducing postpartum weight retention and improving breastfeeding outcomes in overweight women: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Nutrients 2015;7(3):1464‐79. - PMC - PubMed
Martin‐Iglesias 2011 {published data only}
    1. Martin‐Iglesias S, del‐Cura‐Gonzalez I, Sanz‐Cuesta T, Arana‐Canedo Arguelles C, Rumayor‐Zarzuelo M, Alvarez‐de la Riva M, et al. Effectiveness of an implementation strategy for a breastfeeding guideline in primary care: cluster randomised trial. BMC Family Practice 2011;12:144. - PMC - PubMed
Mattar 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mattar CN, Chan YS, Chong YS. Breastfeeding: it's an important gift. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;102(6):1414. - PubMed
Maycock 2013 {published data only}
    1. Maycock B, Binns CW, Dhaliwal S, Tohotoa J, Hauck Y, Burns S, et al. Education and support for fathers improves breastfeeding rates: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2013;29(4):484‐90. - PubMed
Maycock 2015 {published data only}
    1. Maycock BR, Scott JA, Hauck YL, Burns SK, Robinson S, Giglia R, et al. A study to prolong breastfeeding duration: design and rationale of the Parent Infant Feeding Initiative (PIFI) randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15:159. - PMC - PubMed
McInnes 2000 {published data only}
    1. McInnes RJ, Love JG, Stone DH. Evaluation of a community‐based intervention to increase breastfeeding prevalence. Journal of Public Health Medicine 2000;22(2):138‐45. - PubMed
McLeod 2003 {published data only}
    1. McLeod D, Benn C, Pullon S, Viccars A, White S, Cookson T, et al. The midwife's role in facilitating smoking behaviour change during pregnancy. Midwifery 2003;19(4):285‐97. - PubMed
    1. McLeod D, Pullon S, Benn C, Cookson T, Dowell A, Viccars A, et al. Can support and education for smoking cessation and reduction be provided by midwives within primary care?. Midwifery 2004;20:37‐50. - PubMed
Merewood 2006 {published data only}
    1. Merewood A, Chamberlain LB, Cook JT, Philipp BL, Malone K, Bauchner H. The effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding rates in the neonatal intensive care unit: results of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(7):681‐5. - PubMed
    1. Merewood A, Philipp BL, Chamberlain LB, Malone KL, Cook JT, Bauchner H. Using peer support to improve breastfeeding rates among premature infants: an RCT [abstract]. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14‐17; Washington DC, USA. 2005:Abstract no: 2342.
    1. Philipp BL, Merewood A, Malone KL, Chamberlain LB, Cook JT, Bauchner H. Effect of NICU‐based peer counselors on breastfeeding duration among premature infants [abstract]. Pediatric Research 2004;55 Suppl:73.
Mesters 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mesters I, Gijsbers B, Bartholomew K, Knottnerus JA, Schayck OC. Social cognitive changes resulting from an effective breastfeeding education program. Breastfeeding Medicine 2013;8(1):23‐30. - PubMed
Moore 1985 {published data only}
    1. Moore WJ, Midwinter, Morris AF, Colley JR, Soothill JF. Infant feeding and subsequent risk of atopic eczema. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1985;60(8):722‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Moreno‐Manzanares 1997 {published data only}
    1. Moreno‐Manzanares L, Cabrera‐Sanz MT, Garcia‐Lopez L. Breast feeding [Lactancia materna]. Revista Rol de Enfermeria 1997;20(227‐8):79‐84. - PubMed
Nasehi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nasehi MM, Farhadi R, Ghaffari V, Ghaffari‐Charati M. The effect of early breastfeeding after cesarean section on the success of exclusive breastfeeding. HealthMED 2012;6(11):3597‐601.
Nekavand 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nekavand M, Hoorsan R, Kerami A, Zohoor A. Effect of exclusive breast feeding education on breast‐feeding self‐efficacy and maternal stress. Research Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;7(1):1‐5.
Neyzi 1991 {published data only}
    1. Neyzi O, Gulecyuz M, Dincer Z, Olgun P, Kutluay T, Uzel N, et al. An educational intervention on promotion of breast feeding complemented by continuing support. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1991;5:299‐303. - PubMed
Nguyen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen PH, Menon P, Keithly SC, Kim SS, Hajeebhoy N, Tran LM, et al. Program impact pathway analysis of a social franchise model shows potential to improve infant and young child feeding practices in Vietnam. Journal of Nutrition 2014;144(10):1627‐36. - PubMed
Nkonki 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nkonki LL, Daviaud E, Jackson D, Chola L, Doherty T, Chopra M, et al. Costs of promoting exclusive breastfeeding at community level in three sites in South Africa. PLOS ONE 2014;9(1):e79784. - PMC - PubMed
Noel‐Weiss 2006 {published data only}
    1. Noel‐Weiss J, Rupp A, Cragg B, Bassett V, Woodend AK. Randomized controlled trial to determine effects of prenatal breastfeeding workshop on maternal breastfeeding self‐efficacy and breastfeeding duration. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 2006;35(5):616‐24. - PubMed
Nor 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nor B, Zembe Y, Daniels K, Doherty T, Jackson D, Ahlberg BM, et al. "Peer but not peer": considering the context of infant feeding peer counseling in a high HIV prevalence area. Journal of Human Lactation 2009;25(4):427‐34. - PubMed
Nor 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nor B, Ahlberg BM, Doherty T, Zembe Y, Jackson D, Ekstrom EC, et al. Mother's perceptions and experiences of infant feeding within a community‐based peer counselling intervention in South Africa. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2012;8(4):448‐58. - PMC - PubMed
Ochola 2013a {published data only}
    1. Ochola S, Demetre L, Nduati R. Potentials and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among women in an urban low‐resource setting in Nairobi, Kenya: a qualitative study. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):808, Abstract no: PO3318.
Olenick 2011 {published data only}
    1. Olenick PL. The effect of structured group prenatal education on breastfeeding confidence, duration, and exclusivity to 12 weeks postpartum. Journal of Human Lactation 2011;27(1):71‐2.
Otsuka 2012 {published data only}
    1. Otsuka K, Kitamura T, Jimba M. Can breastfeeding enhance maternal‐infant bonding?. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012;7(Suppl 1):S‐7.
Otsuka 2014 {published data only}
    1. Otsuka K, Taguri M, Dennis CL, Wakutani K, Awano M, Yamaguchi T, et al. Effectiveness of a breastfeeding self‐efficacy intervention: do hospital practices make a difference?. Maternal & Child Health Journal 2014;18(1):296‐306. - PMC - PubMed
Pascali‐Bonaro 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pascali‐Bonaro D, Kroeger M. Continuous female companionship during childbirth: a crucial resource in times of stress or calm. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2004;49(4 Suppl 1):19‐27. - PubMed
Paul 2011 {published data only}
    1. Paul IM, Savage JS, Anzman SL, Beiler JS, Marini ME, Stokes JL, et al. Preventing obesity during infancy: a pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011;19(2):353‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Penfold 2014 {published data only}
    1. Penfold S, Manzi F, Mkumbo E, Temu S, Jaribu J, Shamba DD, et al. Effect of home‐based counselling on newborn care practices in southern Tanzania one year after implementation: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 2014;14(1):187. - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Blasco 2013 {published data only}
    1. Perez‐Blasco J, Viguer P, Rodrigo MF. Effects of a mindfulness‐based intervention on psychological distress, well‐being, and maternal self‐efficacy in breast‐feeding mothers: results of a pilot study. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2013;16(3):227‐36. - PubMed
Perez‐Escamilla 1992 {published data only}
    1. Perez‐Escamilla R, Segura‐Millan S, Pollitt E, Dewey K. Effect of the maternity ward system on the lactation success of low‐income urban Mexican women. Early Human Development 1992;31(1):25‐40. - PubMed
Peterson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Peterson KE, Sorensen G, Pearson M, Hebert JR, Gottlieb BR, McCormick MC. Design of an intervention addressing multiple levels of influence on dietary and activity patterns of low‐income, postpartum women. Health Education Research 2002;17(5):531‐40. - PubMed
Phillips 2010 {published data only}
    1. Phillips RM, Merritt TA, Goldstein MR, Deming DD, Job JS, Rudatsikira EM. Increasing the duration of breastfeeding by preventing postpartum smoking relapse in mothers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. American Academy of Pediatrics Annual Meeting; 2010 October 2‐5; San Francisco, California, USA. 2010.
Phillips 2011 {published data only}
    1. Phillips RM, Merritt TA, Goldstein MR, Deming DD, Slater LE, Angeles DM. Supporting mother‐infant bonding increases the duration of breastfeeding in mothers with newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Breastfeeding Medicine 2011;6 Suppl 1:S‐3‐S‐4.
Phillips 2012 {published data only}
    1. Phillips RM, Merritt TA, Goldstein MR, Deming DD, Slater LE, Angeles DM. Prevention of postpartum smoking relapse in mothers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Perinatology 2012;32(5):374‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Pinelli 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pinelli J, Atkinson SA, Saigal S. Randomized trial of breastfeeding support in very low‐birth‐weight infants. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2001;155(5):548‐53. - PubMed
Pollard 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pollard DL. The Effect of Self‐Regulation on Breastfeeding Duration in Primiparous Mothers [thesis]. University of Pittsberg, 1998.
Pollard 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pollard DL. Impact of a feeding log on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2011;15(3):395‐400. - PubMed
Pound 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pound C, Moreau K, Rohde K, Farion K, Barrowman N, Aglipay M, et al. The impact of a breastfeeding support intervention on breastfeeding duration in jaundiced infants admitted to a tertiary care centre hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatrics and Child Health (Canada) 2014;19(6):e95, Abstract no: 172.
    1. Pound CM, Moreau K, Rohde K, Barrowman N, Aglipay M, Farion KJ, et al. Lactation support and breastfeeding duration in jaundiced infants: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2015;10(3):e0119624. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pound CM, Moreau K, Rohde K, Farion K, Barrowman N, Aglipay M, et al. The impact of a breastfeeding support intervention on breastfeeding duration in jaundiced infants admitted to a tertiary care centre hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2014 May 3‐6; Vancouver, Canada. 2014:Abstract no: 198.
Rasmussen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rasmussen KM, Dieterich CM, Zelek ST, Altabet JD, Kjolhede CL. Interventions to increase the duration of breastfeeding in obese mothers. Journal of Human Lactation 2010;26(4):430. - PubMed
Rasmussen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rasmussen KM, Dieterich CM, Zelek ST, Altabet JD, Kjolhede CL. Interventions to increase the duration of breastfeeding in obese mothers: the Bassett Improving Breastfeeding Study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2011;6:69‐75. - PubMed
Ratner 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ratner P, Johnson J, Bottorff J. Smoking relapse and early weaning among postpartum women: is there an association?. Birth 1999;26(1):76‐82. - PubMed
Rea 1999 {published data only}
    1. Rea MF, Venancio SI, Martines JC, Savage F. Counselling on breastfeeding: assessing knowledge and skills. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999;77(6):492‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Reeve 2004 {published data only}
    1. Reeve JR, Gull SE, Johnson MH, Hunter S, Streather M. A preliminary study on the use of experiential learning to support women's choices about infant feeding. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2004;113:199‐203. - PubMed
Rojjanasrirat 1987 {published data only}
    1. Rojjanasrirat W. The Effects of a Nursing Intervention on Breastfeeding Duration Among Primiparous Mothers Planning to Return to Work [thesis]. University of Kansas, 1987.
Rossiter 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rossiter JC. The effect of a culture‐specific education program to promote breastfeeding among Vietnamese women in Sydney. International Journal of Nursing Studies 1994;31(4):369‐79. - PubMed
Rowe 1990 {published data only}
    1. Rowe L, Hartmann PE. Comparison of two methods of breast feeding management. Proceedings of 6th Congress of the Federation of the Asia‐Oceania Perinatal Societies; 1990; Perth, Western Australia. 1990:236.
Rush 1991 {published data only}
    1. Rush JP, Kitch TL. A randomized, controlled trial to measure the frequency of use of a hospital telephone line for new parents. Birth 1991;18:193‐7. - PubMed
Sakha 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sakha K, Behbahan AG. Training for perfect breastfeeding or metoclopramide: which one can promote lactation in nursing mothers?. Breastfeeding Medicine 2008;3(2):120‐3. - PubMed
Sakkaki 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sakkaki M, Khairkhah M. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding: teaching good positioning and support from fathers and families. Journal of Urmia Nursing & Midwifery Faculty 2013;10(6):824‐32.
Schlomer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Schlomer JA, Kemmerer J, Twiss JJ. Evaluating the association of two breastfeeding assessment tools with breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding satisfaction. Journal of Human Lactation 1999;15(1):35‐9. - PubMed
Schy 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schy DS, Maglaya CF, Mendelson SG, Race KE, Ludwig‐Beymer P. The effects of in‐hospital lactation education on breastfeeding practice. Journal of Human Lactation 1996;12(2):117‐22. - PubMed
Sciacca 1995 {published data only}
    1. Sciacca JP, Dube DA, Phipps BL, Ratliff MI. A breast feeding education and promotion program: effects on knowledge, attitudes, and support for breast feeding. Journal of Community Health 1995;20(6):473‐89. - PubMed
    1. Sciacca JP, Phipps B, Dube D, Ratliff MI. Influences on breast‐feeding by lower‐income women: an incentive, partner‐supported educational program. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995;95(3):323‐8. - PubMed
Segura‐Millan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Segura‐Millan S, Dewey KG, Perez‐Escamilla R. Factors associated with perceived insufficient milk in a low‐income urban population in Mexico. Journal of Nutrition 1994;124(2):202‐12. - PubMed
Serrano 2010 {published data only}
    1. Serrano MS, Doren FM, Wilson L. Teaching Chilean mothers to massage their full‐term infants: effects on maternal breast‐feeding and infant weight gain at age 2 and 4 months. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2010;24(2):172‐81. - PubMed
Sisk 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sisk PM, Lovelady CA, Dillard RG, Gruber KJ. Lactation counseling for mothers of very low birthweight infants: effect on maternal anxiety and infant intake of human milk. Pediatrics 2006;117(1):E67‐E75. - PubMed
Steel O'Connor 2003 {published data only}
    1. Steel O'Connor KO, Mowat DL, Scott HM, Carr PA, Dorland JL, Young Tai KF. A randomized trial of two public health nurse follow‐up programs after early obstetrical discharge: an examination of breastfeeding rates, maternal confidence and utilization and costs of health services. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2003;94(2):98‐103. - PMC - PubMed
Stuebe 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stuebe AM, Bonuck K, Adatorwovor R, Schwartz TA, Berry D. A tailored breastfeeding support intervention for women with gestational diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;214(1 Suppl):S68, Abstract no: 97.
Susin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Susin LR, Giugliani ER. Inclusion of fathers in an intervention to promote breastfeeding: impact on breastfeeding rates. Journal of Human Lactation 2008;24(4):386‐92. - PubMed
Svensson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Svensson KE, Velandia MI, Matthiesen AS, Welles‐Nystrom BL, Widstrom AM. Effects of mother‐infant skin‐to‐skin contact on severe latch‐on problems in older infants: a randomized trial. International Breastfeeding Journal 2013;8(1):1. - PMC - PubMed
Szucs 2015 {published data only}
    1. Szucs KA, Ahmed AH. The effect of interactive web‐based breastfeeding monitoring on maternal breastfeeding self‐efficacy and satisfaction: a randomized control trial. Pediatric Academic Socieities Annual Meeting; 2015 April 25‐28; San Diego, California, USA. 2015.
Talukder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Talukder SH, Greiner T, Dewey K, Haider R, Farhana D, Chowdhury SS. Cost and effectiveness of training and supervision of frontline workers on early breastfeeding practices in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 16th ISRHML Conference "Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Science and Practice"; 2012 September 27‐ October 1; Trieste, Italy. 2012:Abstract A106.
Talukder 2016 {published data only}
    1. Talukder S, Farhana D, Vitta B, Greiner T. In a rural area of Bangladesh, traditional birth attendant training improved early infant feeding practices: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. - PMC - PubMed
Thakur 2012 {published data only}
    1. Thakur SK, Roy SK, Paul K, Khanam M, Khatun W, Sarker D. Effect of nutrition education on exclusive breastfeeding for nutritional outcome of low birth weight babies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;66(3):376‐81. - PubMed
Thomson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thomson T, Hall W, Balneaves L, Wong S. Waiting to be weighed: a pilot study of the effect of delayed newborn weighing on breastfeeding outcomes. Canadian Nurse 2009;105(6):24‐8. - PubMed
Thussanasupap 2006 {published data only}
    1. Thussanasupap B. The effects of systematic instructional program on breastfeeding self‐efficacy, nipple pain, nipple skin changes and incision pain of cesarean mothers [abstract]. Care, Concern and Cure in Perinatal Health. 14th Congress of the Federation of Asia‐Oceania Perinatal Societies; 2006 Oct 1‐5; Bangkok, Thailand. 2006:138.
Tohotoa 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tohotoa J, Maycock B, Hauck YL, Dhaliwal S, Howat P, Burns S. Can father inclusive practice reduce paternal postnatal anxiety? A repeated measures cohort study using the hospital anxiety and depression scale. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:75. - PMC - PubMed
Tully 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tully KP, Ball HL. Postnatal unit bassinet types when rooming‐in after cesarean birth: implications for breastfeeding and infant safety. Journal of Human Lactation 2012;28(4):495‐505. - PMC - PubMed
Valdes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Valdes V, Pugin E, Schooley J, Catalan S, Aravena R. Clinical support can make the difference in exclusive breastfeeding success among working women. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2000;46(3):149‐54. - PubMed
Vianna 2011 {published data only}
    1. Vianna MN, Barbosa AP, Carvalhaes AS, Cunha AJ. Music therapy may increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns: a randomized controlled trial [A musicoterapia pode aumentar os indices de aleitamento materno entre maes de recem‐nascidos prematuros: Um ensaio clinico randomizado controlado]. Jornal de Pediatria 2011;87(3):206‐12. - PubMed
Vitolo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Campagnolo PD, Hoffman DJ. Maternal dietary counseling reduces consumption of energy‐dense foods among infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):140‐7. - PubMed
Vitolo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F. Positive impact of child feeding training program for primary care health professionals: a cluster randomized field trial [Atualizacao sobre alimentacao da crianca para profissionais de saude: estudo de campo randomizado por conglomerados]. Revista Brasileira De Epidemiologia 2014;17(4):873‐86. - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F, Grechi P, Gama CM. The impact of health workers's training on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Cadernos De Saude Publica 2014;30(8):1695‐707. - PubMed
Wallace 2006 {published data only}
    1. Inch S, Law S, Wallace L. Hands off! The breastfeeding best start project (2). Practising Midwife 2003;6(11):24‐5. - PubMed
    1. Wallace LM, Dunn OM, Alder EM, Inch S, Hills RK, Law SM. A randomised‐controlled trial in England of a postnatal midwifery intervention on breast‐feeding duration. Midwifery 2006;22:262‐73. - PubMed
Wan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wan H, Hu S, Thobaben M, Hou Y, Yin T. Continuous primary nursing care increases satisfaction with nursing care and reduces postpartum problems for hospitalized pregnant women. Contemporary Nurse 2011;37(2):149‐59. - PubMed
Wasser 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wasser H, Bentley M. Mothers and others: designing a randomized trial to prevent obesity among infants and toddlers. FASEB Journal 2015;29(1 Suppl):[584.16].
Westphal 1995 {published data only}
    1. Taddei JA, Westphal MF, Venancio S, Bogus C, Souza S. Breastfeeding training for health professionals and resultant changes in breastfeeding duration. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2000;118:185‐91. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Westphal MF, Taddei JA, Venancio SI, Bogus CM. Breast‐feeding training for health professionals and resultant institutional changes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995;73(4):461‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Wiggins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wiggins M, Oakley A, Roberts I, Turner H, Rajan L, Austerberry H, et al. Postnatal support for mothers living in disadvantaged inner city areas: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005;59(4):288‐95. - PMC - PubMed
Williams 2014 {published data only}
    1. Williams A, Chantry C, Dentz H, Kiprotich M, Null C, Stewart C. Effectiveness of behavior change communication on maternal nutrition and breastfeeding practices within a cluster randomized trial in rural Western Kenya. Journal of Human Lactation 2015;31(3):534‐5.
    1. Williams AM, Chantry C, Dentz H, Kiprotich M, Null C, Stewart CP. Effectiveness of behavior change communication on maternal nutrition and breastfeeding practices within a cluster randomized trial in rural Western Kenya. 17th Conference of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML); 2014 Oct 23‐27; Kiawah Island, South Carolina, USA. 2014:140.
Wockel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wockel A, Abou‐Dakn M. Influence of the partner on breastfeeding duration and breast diseases during lactation. Results of an intervention study [Einfluss des partners auf stilldauer und stillprobleme: Ergebnisse einer interventionsstudie]. Gynakologische Praxis 2009;33(4):643‐9.
    1. Wockel A, Abou‐Dakn M. Influence of the partner on breastfeeding duration and breast diseases during lactation. Results of an intervention study [Einfluss des partners auf stilldauer und stillprobleme. Ergebnisse einer interventionsstudie]. Padiatrische Praxis 2011;77(1):125‐31.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Babakazo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Babakazo P, Donnen P, Mapatano MA, Lulebo A, Okitolonda E. [Effect of the baby friendly hospital initiative on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in Kinshasa: a cluster randomized trial]. Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique 2015;63:285‐92. - PubMed
Bahri 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bahri N, Bagheri S, Erfani M, Rahmani R, Tolidehi H. The comparison of workshop‐training and booklet‐offering on knowledge, health beliefs and behavior of breastfeeding after delivery. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;15(32):14‐22.
Cabezas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cabezas PMA, Gomez RG, Ferrer AP. Midwives' mobile phone support for breastfeeding. International Confederation of Midwives 30th Triennial Congress. Midwives: Improving Women’s Health; 2014 June 1‐4; Prague, Czech Republic. 2014:P139.
Kamau‐Mbuthia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kamau‐Mbuthia E, Mbugua S, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding is associated with more frequent help and decreased breastfeeding problems. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):196‐7, Abstract no: O079.
    1. Mbugua S, Kamau‐Mbuthia E, Webb A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Process indicators for a randomized trial of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):693, Abstract no: PO905.
    1. Mbugua S, Kamau‐Mbuthia E, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Process indicators for a randomized trial of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):751, Abstract no: PO1033.
    1. Sellen D, Mbugua S, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. A randomized controlled trial indicates benefits of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):751, Abstract no: PO1032.
    1. Sellen D, Mbugua S, Webb‐Girard A, Lou W, Duan W, Kamau‐Mbuthia E. Cell phone based peer counselling can support exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial in Kenya. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl 1):[Abstract no. 119.5].
Li 2014 {published data only}
    1. Li M, Jiang H, Hu QZ, He GS, Wen LM, Dibley MJ, et al. Text message to promote breastfeeding and obesity‐protective eating behaviours in young children: 12 and 24 months BMI results. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 2014;8(1):58.
Mortazavi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mortazavi F, Delara M, Akaberi A. Male involvement in prenatal care: impacts on pregnancy and birth outcomes. Journal of Urmia Nursing & Midwifery Faculty 2014;12(1):63‐72.
Raisi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Raisi DZ, Raei M, Ghassab SM, Ahmad RS, Mirmohammadali M. Effect of telephone counseling on continuity and duration of breastfeeding among primiparus women. HAYAT 2012;18(2):9‐10.
Reeder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reeder JA, Joyce T, Sibley K, Arnold D, Altindag O. Telephone peer counseling of breastfeeding among WIC participants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):e700‐e709. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2014 {published data only}
    1. Taylor R. Providing additional guidance and support to parents about sleep, diet and physical activity from birth to 2 years of age: The Prevention of Overweight in Infancy study. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 2014;8:102‐3.
Whalen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Whalen B, Murray D, MacKenzie T, Bernstein H. Efficacy of an online breastfeeding tutorial and maternal needs assessment in increasing breastmilk‐only feeding in a pediatric practice: results of a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30‐May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011:2902.36.

References to ongoing studies

Forster 2014 {published data only}
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Davey MA, Amir LH, Gold L, Small R, et al. Ringing Up about Breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial exploring earlY telephone peer support for breastfeeding (RUBY) ‐ trial protocol. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):177. - PMC - PubMed
Karanja 2012 {published data only}
    1. Karanja N, Aickin M, Lutz T, Mist S, Jobe JB, Maupomé G, et al. A community‐based intervention to prevent obesity beginning at birth among American Indian children: study design and rationale for the PTOTS study. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33(4):161‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Kikuchi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kikuchi K, Ansah E, Okawa S, Shibanuma A, Gyapong M, Owusu‐Agyei S, et al. Ghana's Ensure Mothers and Babies Regular Access to Care (EMBRACE) program: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:22. - PMC - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kimani‐Murage EW, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh AC, Wekesah F, Wanjohi M, Muriuki P, et al. Effectiveness of personalised, home‐based nutritional counselling on infant feeding practices, morbidity and nutritional outcomes among infants in Nairobi slums: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials (electronic resource) 2013;14:445. - PMC - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kimani‐Murage EW, Kimiywe J, Kabue M, Wekesah F, Matiri E, Muhia N, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of the baby friendly community initiative in rural Kenya: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):431. - PMC - PubMed
Nabulsi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nabulsi M, Hamadeh H, Tamim H, Kabakian T, Charafeddine L, Yehya N, et al. A complex breastfeeding promotion and support intervention in a developing country: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed
Nair 2015 {published data only}
    1. Nair N, Tripathy P, Sachdev HS, Bhattacharyya S, Gope R, Gagrai S, et al. Participatory women's groups and counselling through home visits to improve child growth in rural eastern India: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):384. - PMC - PubMed
NCT01383070 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2011/06/001822. Effectiveness of cell phone counseling to improve breast feeding indicators. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=3060 Date first received: 21 June 2011.
    1. NCT01383070. Effectiveness of cell phone counseling to improve breast feeding indicators. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01383070 first received 24 June 2011.

Additional references

Almqvist‐Tangen 2012
    1. Almqvist‐Tangen G, Bergman S, Dahlgren J, Roswall J, Alm B. Factors associated with discontinuation of breast feeding before one month of age. Acta Paediatrica 2012;101(1):55‐60. - PubMed
Bartick 2010
    1. Bartick M, Reinhold A. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics 2010;125(5):e1048. - PubMed
Beake 2012
    1. Beake S, Pellowe C, Dykes F, Schmied V, Bick D. A systematic review of structured compared with non‐structured breastfeeding programmes to support the initiation and duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding in acute and primary health care settings. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2012;8:141‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Bowatte 2015
    1. Bowatte G, Tham R, Allen K, Tan D, Lau M, Dai X, et al. Breastfeeding and childhood acute otitis media: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:85‐95. - PubMed
Cattaneo 2010
    1. Cattaneo A, Burmaz T, Arendt M, Nilsson I, Mikiel‐Kostyra K, Kondrate I, et al. Protection, promotion and support of breast‐feeding in Europe: progress from 2002 to 2007. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13:751‐9. - PubMed
Chowdhury 2015
    1. Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Sankar MJ, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Rollins N, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:96‐113. - PMC - PubMed
Donner 2000
    1. Donner A, Klar N. Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomised Trials in Health Research. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 2000.
Dykes 2006
    1. Dykes F. The education of health practitioners supporting breastfeeding women: time for critical reflection. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2006;2:204‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Dyson 2009
    1. Dyson L, Renfrew MJ, McFadden A, McCormick F, Herbert G, Thomas J. Policy and public health recommendations to promote the initiation and duration of breast‐feeding in developed country settings. Public Health Nutrition 2009;13(1):137‐44. - PubMed
EFSA Panel 2009
    1. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA Journal 2009;7(12):1423.
Enkin 2000
    1. Enkin M, Keirse MJ, Neilson JP, Crowther C, Duley L, Hodnett E, et al. A Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
EU Project on Promotion of Breastfeeding 2004
    1. EU Project on Promotion of Breastfeeding in Europe. Protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in Europe: a blueprint for action. Luxembourg: European Commission, Directorate Public Health and Risk Assessment, 2004.
Heikkilä 2011
    1. Heikkilä K, Sacker A, Kelly Y, Renfrew MJ, Quigley MA. Breast feeding and child behaviour in the Millennium Cohort Study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011;96(7):635. - PubMed
Heikkilä 2014
    1. Heikkilä K, Kelly Y, Renfrew MJ, Sacker A, Quigley MA. Breastfeeding and educational achievement at age 5. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2014;10:92‐101. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hoddinott 2011
    1. Hoddinott P, Seyara R, Marais D. Global evidence synthesis and UK idiosyncrasy; why have recent UK trials had no significant effects on breastfeeding rates?. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2011;7:221‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Horta 2013
    1. Horta B, Victora C. Short‐term Effects of Breastfeeding: a Systematic Review on the Benefits of Breastfeeding on Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Mortality. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2013.
Horta 2015a
    1. Horta BL, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Long‐term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:30‐7. - PubMed
Horta 2015b
    1. Horta BL, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Breastfeeding and intelligence: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:14‐9. - PubMed
Jolly 2012b
    1. Jolly K, Ingram L, Khan KS, Deeks JJ, Freemantle N, MacArthur C. Systematic review of peer support for breastfeeding continuation: metaregression analysis of the effect of setting, intensity, and timing. BMJ 2012;344:d8287. - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2011
    1. Kimani‐Murage EW, Madise NJ, Fotso J‐C, Kyobutungi C, Mutua MK, Gitau TM, et al. Patterns and determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in urban informal settlements, Nairobi Kenya. BMC Public Health 2011;11:396. - PMC - PubMed
Kramer 2012
    1. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003517] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Labbok 2012
    1. Labbok MH. Global Baby‐friendly Hospital Initiative monitoring data: update and discussion. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012;7:210‐22. - PubMed
Lumbiganon 2012
    1. Lumbiganon P, Martis R, Laopaiboon M, Festin MR, Ho JJ, Hakimi M. Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006425] - DOI - PubMed
McAndrew 2012
    1. McAndrew F, Thompson J, Fellows L, Large A, Speed M, Renfrew MJ. Infant Feeding Survey 2010. Leeds, UK: Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2012.
McLachlan 2006
    1. McLachlan HL, Forster DA. Initial breastfeeding attitudes and practices of women born in Turkey, Vietnam and Australia after giving birth in Australia. International Breastfeeding Journal 2006;1:7. - PMC - PubMed
National Center for Health Statistics 2012
    1. National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy People 2010 Final Review. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2012.
NHS England 2014
    1. NHS England. Statistical Release Breastfeeding Initiation & Breastfeeding prevalence 6‐8 weeks. London: NHS England, 2014.
Peres 2015
    1. Peres KG, Cascaes AM, Nascimento GG, Victora CG. Effect of breastfeeding on malocclusions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:54‐61. - PubMed
Pérez‐Escamilla 2016
    1. Pérez‐Escamilla R, Martinez JL, Segura‐Pérez S. Impact of the Baby‐friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2016;12:402‐17. - PMC - PubMed
Quigley 2012
    1. Quigley MA, Hockley C, Carson C, Kelly Y, Renfrew MJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding is associated with improved child cognitive development: a population‐based cohort study. Journal of Pediatrics 2012;160(1):25‐32. - PubMed
Renfrew 2006
    1. Renfrew MJ, McFadden A, Dykes F, Wallace LM, Abbott S, Burt S, et al. Addressing the learning deficit in breastfeeding: strategies for change. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2006;2(4):239‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Renfrew 2007
    1. Renfrew MJ, Spiby H, D’Souza L, Wallace LM, Dyson L, McCormick F. Rethinking research in breastfeeding: a critique of the evidence base identified in a systematic review of interventions to promote and support breastfeeding. Public Health Nutrition 2007;10(7):726–32. - PubMed
Renfrew 2012a
    1. Renfrew MJ, Pokhrel S, Quigley M, McCormick F, Fox‐Rushby J, Dodds R, et al. Preventing Disease and Saving Resources: the Potential Contribution of Increasing Breastfeeding Rates in the UK. London: UNICEF, 2012.
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Rollins 2016
    1. Rollins N, Bhandari N, Hajeebhoy N, Horton S, Lutter C, Martines J, et al. Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?. Lancet 2016;387:491‐504. - PubMed
Sankar 2015
    1. Sankar MJ, Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Bhandari N, Taneja S, Martines J, et al. Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Pædiatrica 2015;104:3‐13. - PubMed
Schmied 2011
    1. Schmied V, Beake S, Sheehan A, McCourt C, Dykes F. Women’s perceptions and experiences of breastfeeding support: a metasynthesis. Birth 2011;38:49‐60. - PubMed
Sinha 2015
    1. Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Sankar MJ, Martines J, Taneja S, Mazumder S, et al. Interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:114‐34. - PubMed
Smith 2010
    1. Smith JP, Harvey PJ. Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health?. Public Health Nutrition 2011;14:279‐89. - PubMed
Tham 2015
    1. Tham R, Bowatte G, Dharmage S, Tan D, Lau M, Dai X, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of dental caries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Paediatrica 2015;104:62‐84. - PubMed
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2011
    1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011.
UNICEF 2012
    1. UNICEF. State of the World’s Children 2015 Executive Summary. www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2015_Summary_and_Tables.pdf (accessed 10 June 2016). New York: UNICEF, 2012.
Venancio 2011
    1. Venancio SI, Saldiva SR, Escuder MM, Giugliani ER. The Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative shows positive effects on breastfeeding indicators in Brazil. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2012;66:914–8. - PubMed
Victora 2016
    1. Victora C, Barros A, França G, Bahl R, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet 2016;387:475‐90. - PubMed
Whitford 2015
    1. Whitford HM, Wallis SK, Dowswell T, Renfrew MJ. Breastfeeding education and support for women with multiple pregnancies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012003] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
WHO 1997
    1. World Health Organization, Division of Child Health and Development. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Management of the Sick Young Infant Age 1 Week up to 2 Months; 1997. Report No.: WHO/CHD/97.3F. Geneva: WHO, 1997.
WHO 2003
    1. World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
WHO/UNICEF 1993
    1. WHO/UNICEF. Breastfeeding counselling: a training course. www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/who_cdr_93_3/en/ (accessed 30 June 2016) 1993.
WHO/UNICEF 2006
    1. WHO/UNICEF. Infant and Young Child Feeding Counselling: An Integrated Course. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9789241594745/en/ (accessed 30 June 2016) 2006.

References to other published versions of this review

Britton 2007
    1. Britton C, McCormick FM, Renfrew MJ, Wade A, King SE. Support for breastfeeding mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Renfrew 1995
    1. Renfrew MJ. Postnatal support for breastfeeding mothers (revised May 1994). In: Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, Renfrew MJ, Neilson JP, Crowther C, editor(s) Pregnancy and Childbirth Module. In: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database (database on disk and CDROM). The Cochrane Collaboration; Issue 2, Oxford: Update Software; 1995.
Renfrew 2012b
    1. Renfrew MJ, McCormick FM, Wade A, Quinn B, Dowswell T. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sikorski 1999
    1. Sikorski J, Renfrew MJ. Support for breastfeeding mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 1. - PubMed
Sikorski 2002
    1. Sikorski J, Renfrew MJ, Pindoria P, Wade A. Support for breastfeeding mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types