Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this trial was to investigate the mechanism of action for body weight loss with semaglutide.

Materials and methods: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover trial investigated the effects of 12 weeks of treatment with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide, dose-escalated to 1.0 mg, in 30 subjects with obesity. Ad libitum energy intake, ratings of appetite, thirst, nausea and well-being, control of eating, food preference, resting metabolic rate, body weight and body composition were assessed.

Results: After a standardised breakfast, semaglutide, compared with placebo, led to a lower ad libitum energy intake during lunch (-1255 kJ; P < .0001) and during the subsequent evening meal ( P = .0401) and snacks ( P = .0034), resulting in a 24% reduction in total energy intake across all ad libitum meals throughout the day (-3036 kJ; P < .0001). Fasting overall appetite suppression scores were improved with semaglutide vs placebo, while nausea ratings were similar. Semaglutide was associated with less hunger and food cravings, better control of eating and a lower preference for high-fat foods. Resting metabolic rate, adjusted for lean body mass, did not differ between treatments. Semaglutide led to a reduction from baseline in mean body weight of 5.0 kg, predominantly from body fat mass.

Conclusion: After 12 weeks of treatment, ad libitum energy intake was substantially lower with semaglutide vs placebo with a corresponding loss of body weight observed with semaglutide. In addition to reduced energy intake, likely mechanisms for semaglutide-induced weight loss included less appetite and food cravings, better control of eating and lower relative preference for fatty, energy-dense foods.

Keywords: Body composition; Energy regulation; GLP-1 analogue; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Randomised trial; Semaglutide; Type 2 diabetes; Visual analogue scale.

Figure 1

Energy intake during A, ad libitum meals and B, ad libitum snack box, by food group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ETD, estimated treatment difference. Relative difference: ETD / estimated mean for placebo × 100%.

Figure 2

A, Overall appetite suppression score during the standardised breakfast; B, visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings of appetite during a standardised breakfast and C, fasting VAS ratings. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ETD, estimated treatment difference. Overall appetite suppression score = (satiety + fullness + [100 − hunger] + [100 − prospective food consumption]) / 4. 100 indicates less appetite; 0 indicates more appetite. Error bars represent 95% CI.

Figure 3

Results of the Control of Eating Questionnaire (COEQ). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ETD, estimated treatment difference. Results for the open‐ended question “Which one food makes it difficult for you to control eating?” (question 15) not shown. Error bars represent 95% CI.

Figure 4

A, Absolute mean body weight change and B, estimated mean change in body composition. Body weight and body composition were measured on distinct days. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.