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. 2017 Mar 28;3(3):CD011648.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011648.pub2.

Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis: an attempted network meta-analysis

Francesca Saffioti  1   2 , Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy  3 , Leonardo Henry Eusebi  4   5 , Emmanuel Tsochatzis  1 , Brian R Davidson  3 , Douglas Thorburn  1
Affiliations

Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis: an attempted network meta-analysis

Francesca Saffioti et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (previously primary biliary cirrhosis) is a chronic liver disease caused by the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts resulting in stasis of bile (cholestasis), liver fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. The optimal pharmacological treatment of primary biliary cholangitis remains uncertain.

Objectives: To assess the comparative benefits and harms of different pharmacological interventions in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis through a network meta-analysis and to generate rankings of the available pharmacological interventions according to their safety and efficacy. However, it was not possible to assess whether the potential effect modifiers were similar across different comparisons. Therefore, we did not perform the network meta-analysis, and instead, assessed the comparative benefits and harms of different interventions using standard Cochrane methodology.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2017, Issue 2), MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and randomised controlled trials registers to February 2017 to identify randomised clinical trials on pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis.

Selection criteria: We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) in participants with primary biliary cholangitis. We excluded trials which included participants who had previously undergone liver transplantation. We considered any of the various pharmacological interventions compared with each other or with placebo or no intervention.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and rate ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using both fixed-effect and random-effects models based on available-participant analysis with Review Manager 5. We assessed risk of bias according to Cochrane, controlled risk of random errors with Trial Sequential Analysis, and assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We identified 74 trials including 5902 participants that met the inclusion criteria of this review. A total of 46 trials (4274 participants) provided information for one or more outcomes. All the trials were at high risk of bias in one or more domains. Overall, all the evidence was low or very low quality. The proportion of participants with symptoms varied from 19.9% to 100% in the trials that reported this information. The proportion of participants who were antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) positive ranged from 80.8% to 100% in the trials that reported this information. It appeared that most trials included participants who had not received previous treatments or included participants regardless of the previous treatments received. The follow-up in the trials ranged from 1 to 96 months.The proportion of people with mortality (maximal follow-up) was higher in the methotrexate group versus the no intervention group (OR 8.83, 95% CI 1.01 to 76.96; 60 participants; 1 trial; low quality evidence). The proportion of people with mortality (maximal follow-up) was lower in the azathioprine group versus the no intervention group (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.98; 224 participants; 2 trials; I2 = 0%; low quality evidence). However, it has to be noted that a large proportion of participants (25%) was excluded from the trial that contributed most participants to this analysis and the results were not reliable. There was no evidence of a difference in any of the remaining comparisons. The proportion of people with serious adverse events was higher in the D-penicillamine versus no intervention group (OR 28.77, 95% CI 1.57 to 526.67; 52 participants; 1 trial; low quality evidence). The proportion of people with serious adverse events was higher in the obeticholic acid plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) group versus the UDCA group (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.02 to 12.51; 216 participants; 1 trial; low quality evidence). There was no evidence of a difference in any of the remaining comparisons for serious adverse events (proportion) or serious adverse events (number of events). None of the trials reported health-related quality of life at any time point.

Funding: nine trials had no special funding or were funded by hospital or charities; 31 trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies; and 34 trials provided no information on source of funding.

Authors' conclusions: Based on very low quality evidence, there is currently no evidence that any intervention is beneficial for primary biliary cholangitis. However, the follow-up periods in the trials were short and there is significant uncertainty in this issue. Further well-designed randomised clinical trials are necessary. Future randomised clinical trials ought to be adequately powered; performed in people who are generally seen in the clinic rather than in highly selected participants; employ blinding; avoid post-randomisation dropouts or planned cross-overs; should have sufficient follow-up period (e.g. five or 10 years or more); and use clinically important outcomes such as mortality, health-related quality of life, cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. Alternatively, very large groups of participants should be randomised to facilitate shorter trial duration.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

This report is independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Cochrane Programme Grants, 13/89/03 ‐ Evidence‐based diagnosis and management of upper digestive, hepato‐biliary, and pancreatic disorders). The views expressed in this publication are those of the review authors and not necessarily those of the National Health System (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health.

FS has no financial disclosures. KG has no financial disclosures. LHE has no financial disclosures. ET has participated in advisory boards for Astra Zeneca and ViiV healthcare. BD has no financial disclosures. DT was funded by Astellas for his attendance at the International Liver Transplantation Society meeting in 2014. He received GBP 25,000 from Boston Scientific to fund a clinical research fellow in 2013.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Trial Sequential Analysis of mortality at maximal follow‐up: azathioprine versus no intervention and colchicine versus no intervention. Based on an alpha error of 2.5%, power of 90% (beta error of 10%), a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%, a control group proportion observed in the trials (Pc = 20%), and diversity observed in the analyses (0%), the accrued sample size (224 for azathioprine versus intervention and 122 for colchicine versus no intervention) was only a small fraction of the diversity adjusted required information size (DARIS) (4580 for both comparisons); therefore, the trial sequential monitoring boundaries were not drawn. The Z‐curve (blue line) crossed the conventional boundaries (dotted green line) favouring azathioprine for azathioprine versus no intervention, but did not cross the conventional boundaries for colchicine versus no intervention. This indicates that there is a high risk of random errors in both these comparisons.
5
5
Trial Sequential Analysis of mortality at maximal follow‐up: ciclosporin versus no intervention and D‐penicillamine versus no intervention. Based on an alpha error of 2.5%, power of 90% (beta error of 10%), a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%, a control group proportion observed in the trials (Pc = 20%), and diversity observed in the analyses (82% for ciclosporin versus no intervention and 61% for D‐penicillamine versus no intervention), the accrued sample size (394 for ciclosporin versus no intervention and 423 for D‐penicillamine versus no intervention) was only a small fraction of the diversity adjusted required information size (DARIS) (25,098 for ciclosporin versus no intervention and 11,623 for D‐penicillamine versus no intervention); therefore, the trial sequential monitoring boundaries were not drawn. The Z‐curve (blue line) crossed the conventional boundaries (dotted green line) favouring ciclosporin for ciclosporin versus no intervention, but did not cross the conventional boundaries for D‐penicillamine versus no intervention. This indicates that there is a high risk of random errors in both these comparisons.
6
6
Trial Sequential Analysis of mortality at maximal follow‐up: colchicine plus UDCA versus UDCA. Based on an alpha error of 2.5%, power of 90% (beta error of 10%), a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%, a control group proportion observed in the trials (Pc = 7.8%), and diversity observed in the analyses (0%), the accrued sample size (160 participants) was only a small fraction of the diversity adjusted required information size (DARIS) (13,316); therefore, the trial sequential monitoring boundaries were not drawn. The Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the conventional boundaries (green dotted line). This indicates that there is a high risk of random errors in both this comparison.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 1 Mortality at maximal follow‐up.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 2 Mortality (< 1 year).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 3 Mortality (1 to 5 years).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events (proportion).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events (number of events).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 6 Adverse events (proportion).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 7 Adverse events (number).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 8 Liver transplantation.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 9 Decompensated liver disease.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Main analysis, Outcome 10 Cirrhosis.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 1 Mortality at maximal follow‐up.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 2 Mortality (< 1 year).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 3 Mortality (1 to 5 years).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events (proportion).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events (number of events).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 6 Adverse events (proportion).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 7 Adverse events (number).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 8 Liver transplantation.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 9 Decompensated liver disease.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Stratified by dose, Outcome 10 Cirrhosis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011648

References

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Kaplan 1999 {published data only}
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Kowdley 2011 {published data only}
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Kurihara 2000 {published data only}
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Leuschner 1999 {published data only}
    1. Leuschner M, Maier KP, Schlichting J, Strahl R, Herrmann G, Dahm HH, et al. Combination of UDCA (UDCA) with budesonide (BUD) is superior to UDCA‐mono‐therapy in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Journal of Hepatology 1999;30(Suppl 1):57.
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Liberopoulos 2010 {published data only}
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Lindor 1994 {published data only}
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Lombard 1993 {published data only}
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Ma 2016 {published data only}
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Macklon 1982 {published data only}
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Manzillo 1993a {published data only}
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Manzillo 1993b {published data only}
    1. Manzillo G, Piccinino F, Surrenti C, Frezza M, Grazie C. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study with parenteral and oral S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAMe) in primary biliary cholangitis. II United European Gastroenterology Week 1993:A337.
Mason 2008 {published data only}
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Mayo 2015 {published data only}
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Mazzarella 2002 {published data only}
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McCormick 1994 {published data only}
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Mitchison 1989 {published data only}
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Mitchison 1993 {published data only}
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Nakai 2000 {published data only}
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Neuberger 1985 {published data only}
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Oka 1990 {published data only}
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Papatheodoridis 2002 {published data only}
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Pares 2000 {published data only}
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Poupon 1991a {published data only}
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Poupon 1996 {published data only}
    1. Huet P, Willems B, Huet J, Poupon R. Effects of UDCA (UDCA) on hepatic function and portal hypertension in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). XII International Bile Acid Meeting Bile Acids and the Hepatobiliary System from Basic Science to Clinical Practice Falk Symposium No 68 1992:118.
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Raedsch 1993 {published data only}
    1. Raedsch R, Stiehl A, Walker S, Rudi J, Schlenker T, Gerteis C. Controlled study on the effects of a combined colchicine plus UDCA treatment in primary biliary cholangitis. 68th Falk Symposium; 1992 Oct 12‐14; Basel, Switzerland. 1993:303‐9.
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Rautiainen 2005 {published data only}
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Senior 1991 {published data only}
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Smart 1990 {published data only}
    1. Smart HL, Cann PA, Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. A double blind placebo controlled study of antioxidants in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Gut 1990;31(10):A1184.
Steenbergen 1994 {published data only}
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Taal 1983 {published data only}
    1. Taal BG, Schalm SW. Prednisone plus D‐penicillamine, D‐penicillamine and placebo compared in primary biliary‐cirrhosis syndrome. Gastroenterology 1981;80(5 Part 2):1351.
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Turner 1994 {published data only}
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Ueno 2005 {published data only}
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Van Hoogstraten 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hoogstraten HJF, Smet MBM, Renooij W, Hop WCJ, Berge‐Henegouwen GP, Schalm SW. A randomized controlled trial evaluating therapy with UDCA in daily doses of 10 mg/kg versus 20 mg/kg in primary biliary cholangitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1998;10(12):A7.
    1. Hoogstraten HJF, Smet MBM, Renooij W, Breed JGS, Engels L, Ouden‐Muller JW, et al. A randomized trial in primary biliary cholangitis comparing UDCA in daily doses of either 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1998;12(10):965‐71. - PubMed
    1. Hoogstraten HJF, Smet MBM, Renooij W, Hop WCJ, Buuren HR, VanBerge‐Henegouwen GP. A randomized controlled trial evaluating therapy with UDCA in daily doses of 10 mg/kg versus 20 mg/kg in primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1998;114(4):A1358‐A.
Warnes 1987 {published data only}
    1. Warnes T, Babbs C, Smith A, Lee F, Haboubi NY, Johnson PJ, et al. A controlled trial of colchicine in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Journal of Hepatology 1985;1(Suppl 2):S348. - PubMed
    1. Warnes TW, Goddard CJR, Smith A, Rowan BP, Hunt L. Liver function and prognosis in primary biliary cholangitis: 'sharp' and 'blunt' tests and the influence of colchicine treatment on survival. Hepatology 1996;23(1):I‐82.
    1. Warnes TW, Smith A, Lee F, Haboubi NY, Johnson PJ, Hunt L. A controlled trial of colchicine in primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 1984;4(5):1022. - PubMed
    1. Warnes TW, Smith A, Lee FI, Haboubi NY, Johnson PJ, Hunt L. A controlled trial of colchicine in primary biliary cholangitis. Trial design and preliminary report. Journal of Hepatology 1987;5(1):1‐7. - PubMed
Wiesner 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wiesner RH, Dickson ER, Lindor KD, Jørgensen R, LaRusso NF, Baldus W. A controlled clinical trial evaluating cyclosporin in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: a preliminary report. Hepatology 1987;7(5):1025.
    1. Wiesner RH, Ludwig J, Lindor KD, Jorgensen RA, Baldus WP, Homburger HA, et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;322(20):1419‐24. - PubMed
Wolfhagen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hoogstraten H, Wolfhagen FHJ, Berge Henegouwen GP, Schalm SW, Kate FJW, Hop WCJ, et al. Combined bile acid‐immunosuppressive therapy for primary biliary cholangitis. Results of a 1‐year multi centre, placebo controlled trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1996;8(Suppl 12):A 41.
    1. Lim AG, Wolfhagen FH, Verma A, Buuren HR, Jazrawi RP, Levy JH, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in primary biliary cholangitis: effect of UDCA and immunosuppressive therapy. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1997;9(2):155‐61. - PubMed
    1. Lim AG, Wolfhagen FHJ, Verma A, Buuren HR, Jazrawi RP, Levy JH, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in primary biliary cholangitis: effect of UDCA and immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatology 1995;22(4 (Pt 2)):124a.
    1. Lim AG, Wolfhagen FHJ, Verma A, Buuren HR, Jazrawi RP, Northfield TC. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in primary biliary cholangitis: effect of UDCA, prednisone and azathioprine. Falk Symposium Bile Acids and Immunology 1995;86:9.
    1. Lim AG, Wolfhagen FHJ, Verma A, Jazrawi RP, Bururen HR, Levy JH, et al. Combination UDCA and immunosuppressive therapy for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Gut 1995;37(Suppl 2):A27.
Yokomori 2001 {published data only}
    1. Yokomori H, Oda M, Ishii H. Effects of UDCA and colestilan versus UDCA alone on serum bile acids and pruritus: a randomized, open‐label study. Current Therapeutic Research ‐ Clinical and Experimental 2001;62(3):221‐9.

References to studies excluded from this review

Angulo 1999b {published data only}
    1. Angulo P, Batts KP, Therneau TM, Jorgensen RA, Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Long‐term UDCA delays histological progression in primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 1999;29(3):644‐7. - PubMed
Angulo 1999c {published data only}
    1. Angulo P, Lindor KD, Therneau TM, Jorgensen RA, Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, et al. Utilization of the Mayo risk score in patients with primary biliary cholangitis receiving UDCA. Liver 1999;19(2):115‐21. - PubMed
Angulo 2002 {published data only}
    1. Angulo P, Petz JL, Jorgensen RA, Lindor KD. A randomized, cross‐over study evaluating single‐ and multiple‐daily dosage schedules of UDCA in primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2002;122(4):A629.
Attili 1994 {published data only}
    1. Attili AF, Rusticali A, Varriale M, Carli L, Repice AM, Callea F. Effect of UDCA on serum enzymes and liver histology in patients with chronic active hepatitis ‐ a 12 month double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 1994;20(3):315‐20. - PubMed
Avezov 2004a {published data only}
    1. Avezov SA, Mansurova F. [Efficacy of combined use of UDCA and heptral in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 2004;82(2):46‐9. - PubMed
Avezov 2004b {published data only}
    1. Avezov SA, Mansurov F. [Efficacy of combined administration of UDCA and hepthral in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 2004;82(3):55‐8. - PubMed
Bach 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bach N, Bodian C, Bodenheimer H, Croen E, Berk PD, Thung SN, et al. Methotrexate therapy for primary biliary cholangitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;98(1):187‐93. - PubMed
Batta 1989 {published data only}
    1. Batta AK, Salen G, Arora R, Shefer S, Tint GS, Abroon J, et al. Effect of UDCA on bile acid metabolism in primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 1989;10(4):414‐9. - PubMed
Beukers 1988 {published data only}
    1. Beukers R, Schalm SW. Effect of cyclosporine and cyclosporine plus prednisone in primary biliary cholangitis. Transplantation Proceedings 1988;20(3 Suppl 4):340‐3. - PubMed
Blanche 1994 {published data only}
    1. Blanche P, Sicard D. Methotrexate for polymyositis associated with primary biliary cholangitis. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology 1994;12(6):694. - PubMed
Bonis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bonis PA, Kaplan M. Methotrexate for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2006;43(3):632; author reply 633. - PubMed
Borum 1990 {published data only}
    1. Borum M, Fromm H. UDCA in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: first controlled data. Hepatology 1990;12(1):172‐3. - PubMed
Bray 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bray GP, Padova C, Tredger JM, Williams R. A comparison of S‐adenosylmethionine (SAMe), rifampicin (R) and UDCA (UDCA) in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): interim results. Journal of Hepatology 1991;13(Suppl 2):S101.
Carbone 2016 {published data only}
    1. Carbone M, Jones D, Mells GF, Pencek R, Marmon T, Shapiro D. Predicted risk of end stage liver disease with continued standard of care and subsequent addition of obeticholic acid in patients with PBC. Hepatology 2016;63 (1 Suppl 1):184A‐5A.
Chazouilleres 1995 {published data only}
    1. Chazouilleres O, Legendre C, StMaur P, Ismail PR, Poupon R. Histological course of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) treated with UDCA (UDCA). Hepatology 1995;22(4 (Pt 2)):125a.
Christensen 1986 {published data only}
    1. Christensen E, Neuberger J, Crowe J, Portmann B, Williams R, Altman DG, et al. Azathioprine and prognosis in primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1986;90(2):508‐9. - PubMed
Combes 1989 {published data only}
    1. Combes B. Prednisolone for primary biliary cholangitis ‐ good news, bad news. Hepatology 1989;10(4):511‐3. - PubMed
Combes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Combes B, Luketic VA, Peters MG, Zetterman RK, Garcia‐Tsao G, Munoz SJ, et al. Prolonged follow‐up of patients in the U.S. Multicenter trial of UDCA for primary biliary cholangitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2004;99(2):264‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Combes 2005b {published data only}
    1. Combes B. Reflections on therapeutic trials in primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2005;42(5):1009. - PubMed
Copaci 2001 {published data only}
    1. Copaci I, Micu L, Cojocaru L. UDCA and methotrexate for primary biliary cholangitis. Journal of Hepatology 2001;34(1):59.
Corpechot 2000 {published data only}
    1. Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bonnand AM, Poupon RE, Poupon R. The effect of UDCA therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2000;32(6):1196‐9. - PubMed
Corpechot 2001 {published data only}
    1. Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bonnand AM, Poupon RE, Poupon R. The effect of UDCA therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cholangitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2001;13(1):90.
Crosignani 1996a {published data only}
    1. Crosignani A, Larghi A, Invernizzi P, Battezzati PM, DeValle G, Zuin M, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic and UDCAs for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: a crossover study. Hepatology 1996;23(1):P111.
Crosignani 1996b {published data only}
    1. Crosignani A, Battezzati PM, Setchell KDR, Invernizzi P, Covini G, Zuin M, et al. TauroUDCA for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis ‐ a dose‐response study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1996;41(4):809‐15. - PubMed
Degott 1999 {published data only}
    1. Degott C, Zafrani ES, Callard P, Balkau B, Poupon RE, Poupon R. Histopathological study of primary biliary cholangitis and the effect of UDCA treatment on histology progression. Hepatology 1999;29(4):1007‐12. - PubMed
De la Mora 1994 {published data only}
    1. Mora G, Bobadilla J, Romero P, Rodríguez‐Leal G, Morán S, Kershenobich D, et al. Does treatment with UDCA (UDCA) really diminish cholesterol serum levels in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?. Hepatology 1994;19:571.
Dickson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Beneficial effects of UDCA in an open trial of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Bile Acids as Therapeutic Agents From Basic Science to Clinical Practice Falk Symposium 58 1991, (32):271‐2.
Emond 1996 {published data only}
    1. Emond M, Carithers RL, Luketic VA, Peters M, Zetterman RK, Garcia‐Tsao G. Does UDCA improve survival in patients with primary biliary cholangitis? Comparison of outcome in the US multicenter trial to expected survival using the Mayo Clinic prognostic model. Hepatology 1996;24(4 (Pt 2)):168a.
Fischer 1967 {published data only}
    1. Fischer JA, Schmid M. Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis with azathioprine. Lancet 1967;1(7487):421‐4. - PubMed
Golovanova 2010 {published data only}
    1. Golovanova EV, Khomeriki SG, Petrakov AV, Serova TI. Budesonide in treatment of patients with cross primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis. Eksperimental'Naia i Klinicheskaia Gastroenterologiia 2010, (8):113‐7. - PubMed
Heathcote 1993 {published data only}
    1. Heathcote EJL, Cauch K, Walker V, Blendism LM, Ghent CN, Pappas SC. A four‐year follow‐up study of UDCA therapy for primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4 (Pt 2)):A914.
Heathcote 1995 {published data only}
    1. Heathcote EJ, Lindor KD, Poupon R, Cauchdudek K, Dickson ER, Trout R, et al. Combined analysis of French, American and Canadian randomized controlled trials of UDCA therapy in primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1995;108(4 Suppl 3):A1082.
Hirschfield 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hirschfield GM, Mason AL, Gordon SC, Luketic VA, Mayo M, Vincent C, et al. A long term safety extension trial of the farnesoid x receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) and UDCA in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Hepatology 2011;54(S1):429a.
Hishon 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hishon S, Tobin G, Ciclitira PJ. A clinical trial of levamisole in primary biliary cholangitis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1982;58(685):701‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Howat 1966 {published data only}
    1. Howat HT, Ralston AJ, Varley H, Wilson JA. The late results of long‐term treatment of primary biliary cholangitis by corticosteroids. Revue Internationale d' Hepatologie 1966;16(2):227‐38. - PubMed
Hwang 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hwang SJ, Chan CY, Lee SD, Wu JC, Tsay SH, Lo KJ. UDCA in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: a short‐term, randomized, double‐blind controlled, cross‐over study with long‐term follow up. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1993;8(3):217‐23. - PubMed
Invernizzi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Invernizzi A, Setchell DDR, Crosignani A, Larghi A, Battezzatti PM, O'Connell N, et al. Comparison between tauroursodeoxycholic and UDCAs in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: a cross over study. Hepatology 1996;24(4 (Pt 2)):168a.
Invernizzi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Invernizzi P, Pencek R, Marmon T, MacConell L, Shapiro D. Integrated efficacy summary for obeticholic acid in subjects with primary biliary cholangitis. Journal of Hepatology 2015;62:S778.
Itakura 2004 {published data only}
    1. Itakura J, Izumi N, Nishimura Y, Inoue K, Ueda K, Nakanishi H, et al. Prospective randomized crossover trial of combination therapy with bezafibrate and UDCA for primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology Research 2004;29(4):216‐22. - PubMed
Jazrawi 1999 {published data only}
    1. Jazrawi RP, Verma A, Ahmed HA, Northfield TC. Effect of UDCA on cholestatic features and complications of primary biliary cholangitis. Bile Acids and Cholestasis 1999;108:231‐46.
Jones 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jones DE, Bhala N, Newton JL. Reflections on therapeutic trials in primary biliary cholangitis: a quality of life oriented counter‐view. Hepatology 2006;43(3):633; Author reply 634. - PubMed
Jorgensen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jorgensen R, Angulo P, Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Results of long‐term ursodiol treatment for patients with primary biliary cholangitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;97(10):2647‐50. - PubMed
Joshi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Joshi S, Cauch‐Dudek K, Wanless IR, Lindor KD, Jorgensen R, Batts K, et al. Primary biliary cholangitis with additional features of autoimmune hepatitis: response to therapy with UDCA. Hepatology 2002;35(2):409‐13. - PubMed
Kaplan 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan MM. New strategies needed for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis?. Gastroenterology 1993;104(2):651‐3. - PubMed
Kaplan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan M. Primary biliary cholangitis. Lancet 1998;351(9097):216. - PubMed
Kaplan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan MM, Cheng S, Price LL, Bonis PA. A randomized controlled trial of colchicine plus ursodiol versus methotrexate plus ursodiol in primary biliary cholangitis: ten‐year results. Hepatology 2004;39(4):915‐23. - PubMed
Kaplan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan MM, Poupon R. Treatment with immunosuppressives in patients with primary biliary cholangitis who fail to respond to ursodiol. Hepatology 2009;50(2):652. - PubMed
Kisand 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kisand KE, Karvonen AL, Vuoristo M, Farkkila M, Lehtola J, Inkovaara J, et al. UDCA treatment lowers the serum level of antibodies against pyruvate dehydrogenase and influences their inhibitory capacity for the enzyme complex in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Journal of Molecular Medicine 1996;74(5):269‐72. - PubMed
Kisand 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kisand KE, Kisand KV, Karvonen AL, Vuoristo M, Mattila J, Makinen J, et al. Antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase in primary biliary cholangitis: correlation with histology. APMIS 1998;106(9):884‐92. - PubMed
Kowdley 2014a {published data only}
    1. Kowdley K, Hirschfield G, Chapman R, Vincent C, Jones D, Pares A, et al. Long‐term treatment of primary biliary cholangitis with the FXR agonist obeticholic acid shows durable efficacy. Journal of Hepatology 2014;60(1 Suppl 1):S192‐3.
Kowdley 2014b {published data only}
    1. Kowdley KV, Pencek R, Marmon T, Shapiro D, Hooshmand‐Rad R. FXR agonist obeticholic acid: sustained improvement in markers of cholestasis and long‐term safety in patients with primary biliary cholangitis through 4 years. Hepatology 2014;60:361a.
Kowdley 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kowdley KV, Shah H, Mason A, Luketic VA, Pencek R, Marmon T, et al. Long‐term safety and efficacy of obeticholic acid treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis after more than 4 years of treatment. Hepatology 2015;62:521a‐2a.
Kugler 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kugler CF, Fleig WE. [Placebo‐controlled double‐blind study of cyclosporin a in primary biliary cholangitis]. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie 1991;29(12):663‐4. - PubMed
Kurihara 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kurihara T, Maeda A, Shigemoto M, Yamashita K, Hashimoto E. Investigation into the efficacy of bezafibrate against primary biliary cholangitis, with histological references from cases receiving long term monotherapy. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;97(1):212‐4. - PubMed
Lampe 1972 {published data only}
    1. Lampe K, Hudepohl M, Schopen RD. [Immunosuppressive therapy of chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis]. Medizinische Klinik 1972;67(15):527‐34. - PubMed
Larghi 1997 {published data only}
    1. Larghi A, Crosignani A, Battezzati PM, Valle G, Allocca M, Invernizzi P, et al. Ursodeoxycholic and tauro‐UDCAs for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: a pilot crossover study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1997;11(2):409‐14. - PubMed
Lee 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lee YM, Kaplan MM. Efficacy of colchicine in patients with primary biliary cholangitis poorly responsive to ursodiol and methotrexate. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;98(1):205‐8. - PubMed
Leung 2010 {published data only}
    1. Leung J, Bonder A, Sasson M, Bonis P, Kaplan M. 19‐year follow‐up of patients in a double‐blind trial of colchicine plus ursodiol versus methotrexate plus ursodiol in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2010;1:S218.
Leung 2011 {published data only}
    1. Leung J, Bonis PA, Kaplan MM. Colchicine or methotrexate, with ursodiol, are effective after 20 years in a subset of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2011;9(9):776‐80. - PubMed
Leuschner 1990 {published data only}
    1. Leuschner U, Güldütuna S, Fischer H, Hellstern A, Hübner K. UDCA in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: the Frankfurt experience. Strategies for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases Falk symposium 53 1990, (9):83‐90.
Leuschner 1993a {published data only}
    1. Leuschner M, Güldütuna S, Imhof M, Bhati S, You T, Leuschner U. UDCA therapy in primary biliary cholangitis. 68th Falk Symposium; 1992 Oct 12‐14; Basel, Switzerland 1993:299‐302.
Leuschner 1993b {published data only}
    1. Leuschner M, Guldutuna S, Benjaminov A, Hubner K, Leuschner U. Interim evaluation of a prospective double‐blind trial of UDCA (UDCA) versus UDCA plus prednisolone in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):A938.
Leuschner 1996a {published data only}
    1. Leuschner M, Guldutuna S, You T, Hubner K, Bhatti S, Leuschner U. UDCA and prednisolone versus UDCA and placebo in the treatment of early stages of primary biliary cholangitis. Journal of Hepatology 1996;25(1):49‐57. - PubMed
Leuschner 1996b {published data only}
    1. Leuschner M, Guldutuna S, Hubner K, You T, Leuschner U. UDCA (UDCA) and prednisolone in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Results of a controlled double‐blind trial. Gastroenterology 1996;110(4):A1250.
Leuschner 1997 {published data only}
    1. Leuschner U, Maier KP, Guldutuna S, Parte‐Peterhans S, Leuschner M. UDCA in combination with prednisolone or budesonide in the therapy of primary biliary cholangitis. Bile Acids in Hepatobiliary Diseases: Basic Research and Clinical Application 1997;93:299‐302.
Leuschner 1998 {published data only}
    1. Leuschner U, Maier P, Schitling J, Strahl R, Herrmann G, Leuschner M. UDCA and budesonide in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. XV International Bile Acid Meeting Bile Acids and Cholestasis Vol 1998;Falk Symposium 108:60‐1.
Levy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Levy C, Angulo P. UDCA and long‐term survival in primary biliary cholangitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2004;99(2):269‐70. - PubMed
Licinio 2015 {published data only}
    1. Licinio R, Facciorusso A, Castellaneta NM, Leo A. Combination therapy of UDCA and bezafibrate in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: the end of the steroid era in autoimmune liver diseases?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2015;110(7):1086. - PubMed
Lim 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lim AG, Jazrawi RP, Ahmed HA, Northfield TC. UDCA ‐ an immunomodulator in primary biliary cholangitis?. Bile Acids in Hepatobiliary Disease 2000;110B:30‐5.
Lindor 1994a {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD, Jorgensen RA, Anderson ML, Gores GJ, Baldus WP, Dickson ER. The combination of UDCA (UDCA) and methotrexate (MTX) for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): the results of a pilot study. Hepatology 1994;20(4 (Pt 2)):202. - PubMed
Lindor 1995a {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD, Therneau TM, Jorgensen RA, Malinochoc M, Dickson ER. Effects of UDCA (UDCA) on survival in patients with primary biliary‐cirrhosis (PBC). Gastroenterology 1995;108(4 Suppl 3):A1111. - PubMed
Lindor 1995b {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD, Dickson ER, Jorgensen RA, Anderson ML, Wiesner RH, Gores GJ, et al. The combination of UDCA and methotrexate for patients with primary biliary cholangitis: the results of a pilot study. Hepatology 1995;22(4 I):1158‐62. - PubMed
Lindor 1995c {published data only}
    1. Lindor K. Long‐term experience with UDCA for patients with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. International Falk Workshop Bile Acids in Liver Diseases 1995:141‐5.
Lindor 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD, Therneau TM, Jorgensen RA, Malinchoc M, Dickson ER. Effects of UDCA on survival in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1996;110(5):1515‐8. - PubMed
Lindor 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD, Poupon R, Poupon R, Heathcote EJ, Therneau T. UDCA for primary biliary cholangitis. Lancet 2000;355(9204):657‐8. - PubMed
Lindor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lindor KD. Dose effect of UDCA used in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Bile Acid Biology and Its Therapeutic Implications 2005;141:225‐9.
Lindor 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lindor K. UDCA for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357(15):1524‐9. - PubMed
Lytvyak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lytvyak E, Montano‐Loza AJ, Saxinger L, Mason A. Combination anti‐retroviral therapy provides reduction in human betaretrovirus load and durable biochemical responses in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2015;62:528A.
Lytvyak 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lytvyak E, Montano‐Loza AJ, Mason AL. Combination antiretroviral studies for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016;22(1):349‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Miettinen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Farkkila M, Vuoristo M, Karvonen AL, Leino R, Lehtola J. Improvement of serum noncholesterol sterols may indicate retarded progression of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in a randomized placebo controlled two‐year trial with colchicine and UDCA. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4 (Pt 2)):A954.
Miettinen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Farkkila M, Vuoristo M, Karvonen AL, Leino R, Lehtola J, et al. Serum cholestanol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols during placebo‐controlled treatment of primary biliary cholangitis with UDCA or colchicine. Hepatology 1995;21(5):1261‐8. - PubMed
Muntoni 2010 {published data only}
    1. Muntoni S, Rojkind M, Muntoni S. Colchicine reduces procollagen III and increases pseudocholinesterase in chronic liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;16(23):2889‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Nikolaidis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nikolaidis N, Kountouras J, Giouleme O, Tzarou V, Chatzizisi O, Patsiaoura K, et al. Colchicine treatment of liver fibrosis. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2006;53(68):281‐5. - PubMed
Ohmoto 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ohmoto K, Mitsui Y, Yamamoto S. Effect of bezafibrate in primary biliary cholangitis: a pilot study. Liver 2001;21(3):223‐4. - PubMed
Ohmoto 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ohmoto K, Yoshioka N, Yamamoto S. Long‐term effect of bezafibrate on parameters of hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cholangitis. Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;41(5):502‐3. - PubMed
Pan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pan XL, Zhao L, Li L, Li AH, Ye J, Yang L, et al. Efficacy and safety of TUDCA in the treatment of liver cirrhosis: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology‐Medical Sciences 2013;33(2):189‐94. - PubMed
Pares 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pares A. Excellent long‐term survival in patients with primary biliary cholangitis treated with UDCA. Bile Acid Biology and Therapeutic Actions 2009;165:259‐69.
Podda 1989 {published data only}
    1. Podda M, Ghezzi C, Battezzati PM, Bertolini E, Crosignani A, Petroni ML, et al. Effect of different doses of UDCA in chronic liver disease. Digestive Diseases & Sciences 1989;34(12 Suppl):59S‐65S. - PubMed
Poupon 1989 {published data only}
    1. Poupon R, Poupon R, the UDCA‐PBCG. UDCA for primary biliary cholangitis. International Lugano Symposium on Biliary Physiology and Diseases: Strategies for the Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases Falk Symposium No 53 1989, issue 22.
Poupon 1990 {published data only}
    1. Poupon R, Poupon R, The UDCA‐PBCG. UDCA in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Strategies for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. Falk Symposium 53 1990:79‐81.
Poupon 1991b {published data only}
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Poupon 1994 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

O'Brian 1990 {published data only}
    1. O'Brian C, Senior J, Sternlieb J, Saul S. Caution: not all patients with primary biliary cholangitis may successfully be treated by ursodiol. Second International Meeting on Pathochemistry, Pathophysiology and Pathomechanisms of the Biliary System and New Strategies for the Treatment of Hepato‐biliary Diseases 1990:208.
Zaman 2006 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR‐IPR‐16008935 {unpublished data only}
    1. Biochemical Response of PBC‐AIH Overlap Syndrome Induced by Ursodeoxycholic Acid Only or Combination Therapy of Immunosuppressive Agents. Ongoing study Not stated..
EUCTR2015‐002698‐39‐GB {unpublished data only}
    1. A 12‐Week, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Effects of Two Doses of MBX‐8025 in Subjects with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) and an Inadequate Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA).. Ongoing study Not stated..
NCT02308111 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lindor K, Hansen B, Pencek R, Hooshmand‐Rad R, Marmon T, MacConell L, et al. A phase 3b, double blind, placebo controlled study evaluating the effect of obeticholic acid on clinical outcomes in subjects with primary biliary cholangitis at elevated risk of progression to liver transplant or death. Journal of Hepatology 2015;62:S850‐1.
NCT02701166 {unpublished data only}
    1. The Effect of Bezafibrate on Cholestatic Itch. Ongoing study February 2016..
NCT02823353 {unpublished data only}
    1. Fenofibrate in Combination with Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Randomized Control Study. Ongoing study January 2016..
NCT02823366 {unpublished data only}
    1. Fenofibrate for Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis who had an Inadequate Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Ongoing study January 2016..
NCT02937012 {unpublished data only}
    1. Efficacy and Security of Bezafibrate in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis without Biochemical Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid: a Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Trial. Ongoing study October 2016..
NCT02943447 {unpublished data only}
    1. A Phase 2, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS‐9674 in Subjects with Primary Biliary Cholangitis without Cirrhosis. Ongoing study December 2016..
NCT02965911 {unpublished data only}
    1. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Fenofibrate Combined with Ursodeoxycholic Acid in PBC Patients with an Incomplete Biochemical Response to UDCA. Ongoing study January 2016..

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