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. 2017 Mar 28;16(1):20.
doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0241-x.

Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study

Anna Winkvist  1   2 , Sofia Klingberg  3 , Lena Maria Nilsson  4 , Maria Wennberg  5 , Frida Renström  6   7 , Göran Hallmans  5 , Kurt Boman  8 , Ingegerd Johansson  5
Affiliations

Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study

Anna Winkvist et al. Nutr J. .

Abstract

Background: Dietary risks today constitute the largest proportion of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally and in Sweden. An increasing number of people today consume highly processed foods high in saturated fat, refined sugar and salt and low in dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. It is important that dietary trends over time are monitored to predict changes in disease risk.

Methods: In total, 15,995 individuals with two visits 10 (±1) years apart in the population-based Västerbotten Intervention Programme 1996-2014 were included. Dietary intake was captured with a 64-item food frequency questionnaire. Percent changes in intake of dietary components, Healthy Diet Score and Dietary Inflammatory Index were calculated and related to body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and blood pressure at the second visit in multivariable regression analyses.

Results: For both sexes, on group level, proportion of energy intake (E%) from carbohydrates and sucrose decreased (largest carbohydrate decrease among 40 year-olds) and E% protein and total fat as well as saturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (highest protein increase among 30 year-olds and highest fat increase among 60 year-olds) over the 10-year period. Also, E% trans-fatty acids decreased. On individual basis, for both sexes decreases in intake of cholesterol and trans-fatty acids were associated with lower BMI and serum cholesterol at second visit (all P < 0.05). For men, increases in intake of whole grain and Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower BMI and serum cholesterol at second visit (all P < 0.05). Also for men, decreases in intake of trans-fatty acids and increases in Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower systolic blood pressure at second visit (P = 0.002 and P < 0.000). For women, increases in intake of PUFA and Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower BMI at second visit (P = 0.01 and P < 0.05). Surprisingly, increases in intake of sucrose among women were associated with lower BMI at second visit (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: In this large population-based sample, dietary changes over 10 years towards less carbohydrates and more protein and fat were noted. Individual changes towards the Nordic dietary recommendations were associated with healthier cardio-metabolic risk factor profile at second visit.

Keywords: Body mass index; Diet intake; Dietary Inflammatory Index; Healthy Diet Score; Northern Sweden Diet Database; Population-based; Serum lipids; Sweden.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Star diagram illustrating phenotypic characteristics of the female study sample versus the female VIP population with at least one visit by age group. a 30-, b 40-, c 50- and d 60 year-old groups. Red line represents VIP population values set to 100% as reference and blue line represents study sample values
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Star diagram illustrating phenotypic characteristics of the male study sample versus the male VIP population with at least one visit by age group. a 30-, b 40-, c 50- and d 60 year-old groups. Red line represents VIP population values set to 100% as reference and blue line represents study sample values
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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