The Effects of Prolactin-Raising and Prolactin-Sparing Antipsychotics on Prolactin Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Schizophrenic Patients
- PMID: 28360627
- PMCID: PMC5353124
- DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6628
The Effects of Prolactin-Raising and Prolactin-Sparing Antipsychotics on Prolactin Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Schizophrenic Patients
Abstract
Introduction: We aimed to investigate the effects of antipsychotics on prolactin levels in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and the effects of hyperprolactinemia on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients on long-term antipsychotics.
Method: In this study, we included eighty consecutive patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV, had been using the same antipsychotic for the last ten months, and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data on sociodemographic characteristics of the patients were collected through an information sheet. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were used to rate positive and negative symptoms of the patients. In addition, their body mass indices (BMI) were calculated. Prolactin levels were measured through luminescence immune assay and BMD measurements were made at lumbar and femoral sites using dual-energy x-ray absorbtiometry. Haloperidol (n=20) and risperidone (n=20) were assigned to prolactin-raising antipsychotic group, and olanzapine (n=20) and quetiapine (n=20) were assigned to prolactin-sparing antipsychotic group for this study. The effects of antipsychotics on BMD were compared among these groups.
Results: Hyperprolactinemia was determined in 60% of haloperidol using patients, 90% of risperidone using patients, 25% of olanzapine using patients and 10% of quetiapine using patients. Mean prolactin levels were found to be significantly higher in prolactin-raising antipsychotic using group (p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in BMD values between the two groups, for the sites where the measurement was done. Lumbar spine and femoral neck T-scores and Z-scores in the prolactin-raising group significantly negatively correlated with the treatment durations and chlorpromazineequivalent doses (p<0.05). BMI and BMD values of both groups also displayed statistically significant positive correlations (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The statistically significant differences in mean prolactin levels and numbers of patients with hyperprolactinemia between the treatment groups support the validity of classifying the antipsychotics as prolactin-raising and prolactin-sparing". The relationship of BMD with the treatment duration and doses in the prolactin-raising antipsychotic using group was deemed to be important, since it indicated that a decrease in BMD was to be expected in long-term antipsychotic treatment.
Giriş: Bu çalışmada şizofreni tanısı alan hastalarda antipsikotiklerin prolaktin seviyeleri üzerine etkisinin ve uzun süre antipsikotik kullanan hastalarda hiperprolaktineminin kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlandı.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya DSM-IV’e göre şizofreni tanısı konulan, en az on iki aydır aynı antipsikotiği kullanan ve çalışmaya alınma kriterlerini karşılayan ardışık 80 hasta alındı. Hastaların sosyodemografik özelliklerini içeren bilgi formu dolduruldu. Klinik durumlarını değerlendirmek için pozitif ve negatif semptomları değerlendirme ölçekleri (SAPS ve SANS) uygulandı, beden kitle indeksleri (BKİ) belirlendi. Prolaktin düzeyleri Luminesan Immun Assay (LIA) ile ölçüldü. KMY ölçümleri ise Dual Enerji Xray Absorbsiyometri (DEXA) yöntemi ile femoral ve lumbar bölgeden yapıldı. Çalışmada haloperidol (n=20) ve risperidon (n=20) prolaktini yükselten, olanzapin (n=20) ve ketiapin (n=20) ise prolaktini az etkileyen antipsikotik olarak kabul edildi. Antipsikotiklerin KMY üzerine olan etkileri bu gruplar arasında karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Haloperidol kullanan hastaların %60’ında, risperidon kullanan hastaların %90’ında, olanzapin kullanan hastaların %25’inde ve ketiapin kullanan hastaların %10’unda hiperprolaktinemi saptandı. Ortalama prolaktin seviyesi prolaktini yükselten antipsikotik kullanan grupta anlamlı ölçüde yüksek bulundu (p<0,001). Ölçüm yapılan bölgelerde KMY açısından gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu. Prolaktini yükselten grupta, tedavi süresi ve klorpromazin eşdeğer dozları ile lumbar vertebra ve femur KMY, t ve z skorları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı negatif korelasyon vardı (p<0,05). Her iki grubun BKİ ve KMY değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif korelasyon bulundu (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda gruplar arasında ortalama prolaktin seviyeleri ve hiperprolaktinemili hasta sayısı yönünden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılığın bulunması “prolaktin yükselten” ve “prolaktini az etkileyen” antipsikotikler tarzında bir sınıflamanın doğruluğunu güçlendirmektedir. Prolaktini yükselten antipsikotik kullanan grupta tedavi süresi ve tedavi dozları ile KMY arasında bir ilişkinin bulunmuş olması, KMY’deki azalmanın uzun süreli tedavi ile beklenebilecek bir durum olmasına işaret etmesi açısından önemli olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.
Keywords: Schizophrenia; antipsychotic; bone mineral density; prolactin-raising.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest: The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çıkar Çatışması: Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili olarak herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir.
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