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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Apr 9;4(4):CD004022.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub4.

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride

Niels Albert Graudal  1 , Thorbjorn Hubeck-Graudal  2 , Gesche Jurgens  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride

Niels Albert Graudal et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: In spite of more than 100 years of investigations the question of whether a reduced sodium intake improves health is still unsolved.

Objectives: To estimate the effects of low sodium intake versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides.

Search methods: The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomized controlled trials up to March 2016: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles.

Selection criteria: Studies randomising persons to low-sodium and high-sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently collected data, which were analysed with Review Manager 5.3.

Main results: A total of 185 studies were included. The average sodium intake was reduced from 201 mmol/day (corresponding to high usual level) to 66 mmol/day (corresponding to the recommended level).The effect of sodium reduction on blood pressure (BP) was as follows: white people with normotension: SBP: mean difference (MD) -1.09 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.63 to -0.56; P = 0.0001); 89 studies, 8569 participants; DBP: + 0.03 mmHg (MD 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.43; P = 0.89); 90 studies, 8833 participants. High-quality evidence. Black people with normotension: SBP: MD -4.02 mmHg (95% CI:-7.37 to -0.68; P = 0.002); seven studies, 506 participants; DBP: MD -2.01 mmHg (95% CI:-4.37 to 0.35; P = 0.09); seven studies, 506 participants. Moderate-quality evidence. Asian people with normotension: SBP: MD -0.72 mmHg (95% CI: -3.86 to 2.41; P = 0.65); DBP: MD -1.63 mmHg (95% CI:-3.35 to 0.08; P =0.06); three studies, 393 participants. Moderate-quality evidence.White people with hypertension: SBP: MD -5.51 mmHg (95% CI: -6.45 to -4.57; P < 0.00001); 84 studies, 5925 participants; DBP: MD -2.88 mmHg (95% CI: -3.44 to -2.32; P < 0.00001); 85 studies, 6001 participants. High-quality evidence. Black people with hypertension: SBP MD -6.64 mmHg (95% CI:-9.00 to -4.27; P = 0.00001); eight studies, 619 participants; DBP -2.91 mmHg (95% CI:-4.52, -1.30; P = 0.0004); eight studies, 619 participants. Moderate-quality evidence. Asian people with hypertension: SBP: MD -7.75 mmHg (95% CI:-11,44 to -4.07; P < 0.0001) nine studies, 501 participants; DBP: MD -2.68 mmHg (95% CI: -4.21 to -1.15; P = 0.0006). Moderate-quality evidence.In plasma or serum, there was a significant increase in renin (P < 0.00001), aldosterone (P < 0.00001), noradrenaline (P < 0.00001), adrenaline (P < 0.03), cholesterol (P < 0.0005) and triglyceride (P < 0.0006) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. All effects were stable in 125 study populations with a sodium intake below 250 mmol/day and a sodium reduction intervention of at least one week.

Authors' conclusions: Sodium reduction from an average high usual sodium intake level (201 mmol/day) to an average level of 66 mmol/day, which is below the recommended upper level of 100 mmol/day (5.8 g salt), resulted in a decrease in SBP/DBP of 1/0 mmHg in white participants with normotension and a decrease in SBP/DBP of 5.5/2.9 mmHg in white participants with hypertension. A few studies showed that these effects in black and Asian populations were greater. The effects on hormones and lipids were similar in people with normotension and hypertension. Renin increased 1.60 ng/mL/hour (55%); aldosterone increased 97.81 pg/mL (127%); adrenalin increased 7.55 pg/mL (14%); noradrenalin increased 63.56 pg/mL: (27%); cholesterol increased 5.59 mg/dL (2.9%); triglyceride increased 7.04 mg/dL (6.3%).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None. All authors are employed at public institutions. None of the authors has any connection with or receives funds from the food and salt industries or has commercial interests that might bear on this article.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in whites, outcome: 1.2 Whites, normotensive, SBP.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in whites, outcome: 1.2 Whites, normotensive, DBP.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, outcome: 5.2 Aldosterone (pg/mL).
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, outcome: 5.3 Noradrenaline (pg/mL).
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 6 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, outcome: 6.1 Cholesterol.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, Outcome 1 White population, normotensive, SBP.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, Outcome 2 White population, normotensive, DBP.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, Outcome 3 White population, hypertensive, SBP.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, Outcome 4 White population, hypertensive, DBP.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Blacks, Outcome 1 Black population, normotensive, SBP.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Blacks, Outcome 2 Black population, normotensive, DBP.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Blacks, Outcome 3 Black population, hypertensive, SBP.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Blacks, Outcome 4 Black population, hypertensive, DBP.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Asians, Outcome 1 Asians population normotensive, SBP.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Asians, Outcome 2 Asian population, normotensive, DBP.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Asians, Outcome 3 Asian population, hypertensive, SBP.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Asians, Outcome 4 Asian population, hypertensive, DBP.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, subgroup analysis, Outcome 1 White population, normotensive, SBP.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, subgroup analysis, Outcome 2 White population, normotensive, DBP.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, subgroup analysis, Outcome 3 White population, hypertensive, SBP.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Whites, subgroup analysis, Outcome 4 White population, hypertensive, DBP.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, Outcome 1 Renin (ng/mL/hour).
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, Outcome 2 Aldosterone (pg/mL).
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, Outcome 3 Noradrenaline (pg/mL).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, Outcome 4 Adrenaline (pg/mL).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, subgroup analysis, Outcome 1 Renin (ng/mL/hour).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, subgroup analysis, Outcome 2 Aldosterone (pg/mL).
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, subgroup analysis, Outcome 3 Noradrenaline (pg/mL).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Effect of salt reduction on hormones, subgroup analysis, Outcome 4 Adrenaline (pg/mL).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, Outcome 1 Cholesterol (mg/dL).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, Outcome 2 Trigyceride (mg/dL).
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, Outcome 3 High density lipoprotein, HDL (mg/dL).
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, Outcome 4 Low density lipoprotein, LDL (mg/dL).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, subgroup analysis, Outcome 1 Cholesterol (mg/dL).
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, subgroup analysis, Outcome 2 Trigyceride (mg/dL).
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, subgroup analysis, Outcome 3 High density lipoprotein, HDL (mg/dL).
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Effect of salt reduction on lipids, subgroup analysis, Outcome 4 Low density lipoprotein, LDL (mg/dL).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 1 White population, normotensive, SBP blinding‐high.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 2 White population, normotensive, SBP blinding‐low.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 3 White population, normotensive, SBP outcome‐assesed‐high.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 4 White population, normotensive, SBP outcome‐assesed‐low.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 5 White population, hypertensive, SBP blinding‐high.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 6 White population, hypertensive, SBP blinding‐low.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 7 White population, hypertensive, SBP outcome‐assesed‐high.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Bias analyses, Outcome 8 White population, hypertensive, SBP outcome‐assesed‐low.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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1023 Gillies 1984 {published data only}
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1025 Koolen 1984 {published data only}
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1026 Koolen 1984(2) {published data only}
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1027 Fagerberg 1984 {published data only}
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1030 Resnick 1985 {published data only}
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1031 Tuthill 1985 {published data only}
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1034 Watt 1985 {published data only}
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1037 Teow 1986 {published data only}
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1039 ANHMRCDS 1986 {published data only}
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1040 El Ashry 1987 {published data only}
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1042 Fuchs 1987 {published data only}
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1044 Morgan 1987 {published data only}
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1045 Kurtz 1987 {published data only}
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1046 Grobbee 1987 {published data only}
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1052 Shore 1988 {published data only}
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1053 Sudhir 1989 {published data only}
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1064 Bruun 1990 {published data only}
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1066 Sharma 1990 {published data only}
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1067 Sharma 1990,2 {published data only}
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1068 Friberg 1990 {published data only}
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1069 Del Rio 1990 {published data only}
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1070 Parker 1990 {published data only}
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1072 Mtabaji 1990 {published data only}
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1073 Sharma 1991 {published data only}
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1074 Howe 1991 {published data only}
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1075 Mascioli 1991 {published data only}
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1076 Carney 1991 {published data only}
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1077 Singer 1991 {published data only}
    1. Singer DR, Markandu ND, Sugden AL, Miller MA, MacGregor GA. Sodium restriction in hypertensive patients treated with a converting enzyme inhibitor and a thiazide. Hypertension 1991;17:798‐803. - PubMed
1078 Egan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Egan BM, Weder AB, Petrin J, Hoffman RG. Neurohumoral and metabolic effects of short‐term dietary NaCl restriction in men: relationship to salt‐sensitivity status. American Journal of Hypertension 1991;4:416‐21. - PubMed
1079 Gow 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gow IF, Dockrell M, Edwards CRW, Elder A, Grieve J, Kane G, et al. The sensitivity of human blood platelets to the aggregation agent ADP during different dietary sodium intakes in healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1992;43(6):635‐8. - PubMed
1080 Huggins 1992 {published data only}
    1. Huggins RL, Nicolantonio R, Morgan, TO. Preferred salt levels and salt taste acuity in human subjects after ingestion of untasted salt. Appetite 1992;18:111‐9. - PubMed
1081 TOHP I 1992 {published data only}
    1. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. JAMA 1992;267:1213‐20. - PubMed
1082 Cobiac 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cobiac L, Nestel PJ, Wing LMH, Howe PRC. A low sodium diet supplemented with fish oil lowers blood pressure in the elderly. Journal of Hypertension 1992;10:87‐92. - PubMed
1084 Benetos 1992 {published data only}
    1. Benetos A, Xiao YY, Cuche JL, Hannaert P, Safar M. Arterial effects of salt restriction in hypertensive patients. A 9‐week, randomized, double‐blind, crossover study. Journal of Hypertension 1992;10:355‐60. - PubMed
1085 Sciarrone 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sciarrone SEG, Beilin LJ, Rouse IL, Rogers PB. A factorial study of salt restriction and a low‐fat/high‐fibre diet in hypertensive subjects. Journal of Hypertension 1992;10:287‐98. - PubMed
1088 Ruppert 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ruppert M, Overlack A, Kolloch R, Kraft K, Göbel B, Stumpe KO. Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of severe and moderate salt restriction in non‐obese normotensive adults. Hypertension 1993;11:743‐9. - PubMed
1091 Burnier 1993 {published data only}
    1. Burnier M, Rutschmann B, Nussberger J, Versaggi J, Shahinfar S, Waeber B, et al. Salt dependent renal effects of an angiotensin II antagonist in healthy subjects. Hypertension 1993;22:339‐47. - PubMed
1093 Sharma 1993 {published data only}
    1. Sharma AM, Schorr U, Thiede HM, Distler A. Effect of dietary salt restriction on urinary serotonin and 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid excretion in man. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11:1381‐6. - PubMed
1094 Sharma 1993,2 {published data only}
    1. Sharma AM, Schorr U, Oelkers W, Distler A. Effects of sodium salts on plasma renin activity and norepinephrine response to orthostasis in salt‐sensitive normotensive subjects. American Journal of Hypertension 1993;6:780‐785. - PubMed
1095 Fliser 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fliser D, Nowack R, Allendorf‐Ostwald N, Kohl B, Hubinger A, Ritz E. Serum lipid changes on low salt diet. Effects of alpha 1‐adrenergic blockade. American Journal of Hypertension 1993;6:320‐4. - PubMed
1097 Nestel 1993 {published data only}
    1. Nestel PJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, McArthur R, Howe PR. Enhanced blood pressure response to dietary salt in elderly women, especially those with small waist:hip ratio. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11:1387‐94. - PubMed
1099 Donovan 1993 {published data only}
    1. Donovan DS, Solomon CG, Seely EW, Williams GH, Simonson DC. Effect of sodium intake on insulin sensitivity. American Journal of Physiology 1993;264:E730‐4. - PubMed
1100 Fotherby 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fotherby MD, Potter JF. Effects of moderate sodium restriction on clinic and twenty‐four‐hour ambulatory blood pressure in elderly hypertensive subjects. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11:657‐63. - PubMed
1101 Redon‐Mas 1993 {published data only}
    1. Redón‐Más J, Abellán‐Alemán J, Aranda‐Lara P, Figuera‐von Wichmann M, Luque‐Otero M, Rodicio‐Díaz JL, et al. Antihypertensive activity of verapamil: impact of dietary sodium. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11:665‐71. - PubMed
1102 Ruilope 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ruilope LM, Lahera V. Influence of salt intake on the antihypertensive effect of carvedilol. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11((Suppl 4)):S17‐9. - PubMed
1103 Del Rio 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rio A, Rodriguez Villamil JL. Metabolic effects of strict salt restriction in essential hypertensive patients. Journal of Internal Medicine 1993;233:409‐14. - PubMed
1104 Overlack 1993 {published data only}
    1. Overlack A, Ruppert M, Kolloch R, Kraft K, Göbel B, Stumpe KO. Divergent hemo dynamic and hormonal responses to varying salt intake in normotensive subjects. Hypertension 1993;22:331‐8. - PubMed
1107 MacFadyen 1994 {published data only}
    1. MacFadyen RJ, Lees KR, Reid JL. Responses to low dose intravenous perindoprilat infusion in salt deplete/salt replete normotensive volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;38:329‐34. - PMC - PubMed
1108 Buckley 1994 {published data only}
    1. Buckley MG, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Brain and atrial natriuretic peptides: a dual peptide system of potential importance in sodium balance and blood pressure regulation in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 1994;12:809‐13. - PubMed
1109 Zoccali 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Parlongo S. The influence of salt intake on plasma calcitonin gene‐related peptide in subjects with mild essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 1994;12:1249‐53. - PubMed
1110 Jula 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jula AM, Karanko HM. Effects on left ventricular hypertrophy of long‐term nonpharmacological treatment with sodium restriction in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Circulation 1994;89:1023‐31. - PubMed
1111 Howe 1994 {published data only}
    1. Howe PRC, Lungershausen YK, Cobiac L, Dandy G, Nestel PJ. Effect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Journal of Human Hypertension 1994;8:43‐9. - PubMed
1112 Iwaoka 1994 {published data only}
    1. Iwaoka T, Umeda T, Inoue J, Naomi S, Sasaki M, Fujimoto Y, et al. Dietary NaCl restriction deteriorates oral glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients with impairment of glucose tolerance. American Journal of Hypertension 1994;7:460‐3. - PubMed
1113 Miller 1995 {published data only}
    1. Miller SB, Friese M, Sita A. Parental history of hypertension, sodium loading, and cardiovascular response to stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 1995;57:381‐9. - PubMed
1114 Fliser 1995 {published data only}
    1. Fliser D, Fode P, Arnold U, Nowicki M, Kohl B, Ritz E. The effect of dietary salt on insulin sensitivity. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995;25:39‐43. - PubMed
1115 Doig 1995 {published data only}
    1. Doig JK, MacFadyen RJ, Sweet CS, Reid JL. Haemodynamic and renal responses to oral losartan potassium during salt depletion or salt repletion in normal human volunteers. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1995;25:511‐7. - PubMed
1116 Stein 1995 {published data only}
    1. Stein CM, Nelson R, Brown M, He H, Wood M, Wood AJ. Dietary sodium intake modulates systemic but not forearm norepinephrine release. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1995;58:425‐33. - PubMed
1117 Arrol 1995 {published data only}
    1. Arroll B, Beaglehole R. Salt restriction and physical activity in treated hypertensives. New Zealand Medical Journal 1995;108:266‐8. - PubMed
1118 Draaijer 1995 {published data only}
    1. Draaijer P, Leeuw P, Maessen J, Hooff J, Leunissen K. Salt‐sensitivity testing in patients with borderline hypertension: Reproducibility and potential mechanisms. Journal of Human Hypertension 1995;9:263‐9. - PubMed
1119 Overlack 1995 {published data only}
    1. Overlack A, Ruppert M, Kolloch R, Kraft K, Stumpe KO. Age is a major determinant of the divergent blood pressure responses to varying salt intake in essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8:829‐36. - PubMed
1122 Dubbert 1995 {published data only}
    1. Dubbert PM, Cushman WC, Meydrech EF. Rowland AK, Maury P. Effects of dietary instruction and sodium excretion feedback in hypertension clinic patients. Behavior Therapy 1995;26:721‐32.
1124 Weir 1995 {published data only}
    1. Weir MR, Dengel DR, Behrens MT, Goldberg AP. Salt‐induced increases in systolic blood pressure affect renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Hypertension 1995;25:1339‐44. - PubMed
1125 Grey 1996 {published data only}
    1. Grey A, Braatvedt G, Holdaway I. Moderate dietary salt restriction does not alter insulin resistance or serum lipids in normal men. American Journal of Hypertension 1996;9:317‐22. - PubMed
1126 Feldman 1996 {published data only}
    1. Feldmann RD, Logan AG, Schmidt ND. Dietary salt restriction increases vascular insulin resistance. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1996;60(4):444‐51. - PubMed
1127 Feldman 1996 H {published data only}
    1. Feldmann RD, Logan AG, Schmidt ND. Dietary salt restriction increases vascular insulin resistance. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1996;60(4):444‐51. - PubMed
1128 Schorr 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schorr U, Distler A, Sharma AM. Effect of sodium chloride‐ and sodium bicarbonate‐rich mineral water on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in elderly normotensive individuals: a randomized double‐blind crossover trial. Journal of Hypertension 1996;14:131‐5. - PubMed
1129 Bellini 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bellini C, Ferri C, Carlomagno A, Necozione S, Lepore A, Desideri G, et al. Impaired inactive to active kallikrein conversion in human salt‐sensitive hypertension. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 1996;7:2565‐77. - PubMed
1130 Inoue 1996 {published data only}
    1. Inoue J, Cappuccio FP, Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Folkerd EJ, Sampson B, et al. Glucose load and renal sodium handling in mild essential hypertension on different sodium intakes. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10:523‐9. - PubMed
1131 Ferri 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ferri C, Bellini C, Carlomagno A, Desideri G, Santucci A. Active kallikrein respons to changes in sodium‐chloride intake in essential hypertensive patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(3):443‐53. - PubMed
1132 Ishimitsu 1996 A {published data only}
    1. Ishimitsu T, Nishikimi T, Matsuoka H, Kangawa K, Kitamura K, Minami J, et al. Behaviour of adrenomedullin during acute and chronic salt loading in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Clinical Science 1996;91:293‐8. - PubMed
1133 Ishimitsu 1996 AH {published data only}
    1. Ishimitsu T, Nishikimi T, Matsuoka H, Kangawa K, Kitamura K, Minami J, et al. Behaviour of adrenomedullin during acute and chronic salt loading in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Clinical Science 1996;91:293‐8. - PubMed
1134 Cappuccio 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Carney C, Sagnella CA, MacGregor GA. Double‐blind randomised trial of modest salt restriction in older people. Lancet 1997;350:850‐4. - PubMed
1135 TOHP II 1997 {published data only}
    1. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high‐normal blood pressure. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(6):657‐67. - PubMed
1136 van Buul 1997 {published data only}
    1. Buul BJA, Steegers EAP, Maten GD, Delemarre FMC, Jongsma HW, Oosterbaan HP, et al. Dietary sodium restriction does not prevent gestational hypertension; a Dutch two‐center randomized trial. Hypertension in Pregnancy 1997;16:335‐46.
1137 Schorr 1997 {published data only}
    1. Schorr U, Beige J, Ringel J, Turan S, Kreutz R, Distler A, et al. Hpa II polymorphism of the atrial natriuretic peptide gene and the blood pressure response to salt intake in normotensive men. Journal of Hypertension 1997;15:715‐8. - PubMed
1138 McCarron 1997 {published data only}
    1. McCarron DA, Weder AB, Egan BE, Krishna GG, Morris CD, Cohen M, et al. Blood pressure and metabolic responses to moderate sodium restriction in isradipine treated hypertensive patients. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10:68‐76. - PubMed
1139 Meland 1997 {published data only}
    1. Meland E, Laerum E, Aakvaag A, Ulvik RJ, Hostmark AT. Salt restriction: effects on lipids and insulin production in hypertensive patients. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1997;57:501‐6. - PubMed
1140 Fotherby 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fotherby MD, Potter JF. Metabolic and orthostatic blood pressure responses to a low‐sodium diet in elderly hypertensives. Journal of Human Hypertension 1997;11:361‐6. - PubMed
1141 Ferri 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ferri C, Bellini C, Desideri G, Giuliani E, Siati L, Cicogna S, et al. Clustering of endothelial markers of vascular damage in human salt‐sensitive hypertension: influence of dietary sodium load and depletion. Hypertension 1998;32:862‐8. - PubMed
1142 Knuist 1998 {published data only}
    1. Knuist M, Bonsel GJ, Zondervan HA, Treffers PE. Low sodium diet and pregnancy‐induced hypertension: a multi‐centre randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:430‐4. - PubMed
1143 Bech 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bech JN, Nielsen CB, Ivarsen P, Jensen KT, Pedersen EB. Dietary sodium affects systemic and renal hemodynamic response to NO inhibition in healthy humans. American Journal of Physiology 1998;274:914‐23. - PubMed
1144 Foo 1998 {published data only}
    1. Foo M, Denver AE, Coppack SW, Yudkin JS. Effect of salt‐loading on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and limb blood flowin normal subjects. Clinical Science (London) 1998;95:157‐64. - PubMed
1145 Wing 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wing LMH, Arnolda LF, Harvey PJ, Upton J, Molloy D, Gabb GM, et al. Low‐dose diuretic and/or dieatary sodium restriction when blood pressure is resistant to ACE inhibitor. Blood Pressure 1998;7:299‐307. - PubMed
1146 Herlitz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Herlitz H, Dahlöf B, Jonsson O, Friberg P. Relationship between salt and blood pressure in hypertensive patients on chronic ACE‐inhibition. Blood Pressure 1998;7(1):47‐52. - PubMed
1147 Feldman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Feldman RD, Schmidt ND. Moderate dietary salt restriction increases vascular and systemic insulin resistance. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12:643‐7. - PubMed
1148 Damasceno 1999 {published data only}
    1. Damasceno A, Santos A, Serrao P, Caupers P, Soares‐da‐Silva P, Polonia J. Deficiency of renal dopaminergic‐dependent natriuretic response to acute sodium load in black salt‐sensitive subjects in contrast to salt‐resistant subjects. Journal of Hypertension 1999;17:1995‐2001. - PubMed
1149 Davrath 1999 {published data only}
    1. Davrath LR, Gotshall RW, Tucker A, Sadeh WZ, Luckasen GJ, Downes TR, et al. Moderate sodium restiction does not alter lower body negative pressure tolerance. Avation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1999;70(6):577‐82. - PubMed
1150 Schorr 1999 {published data only}
    1. Schorr U, Blaschke K, Beige J, Distler A, Sharma AM. Angiotensinogen M235T variant and salt sensitivity in young normotensive Caucasians. Journal of Hypertension 1999;17:475‐9. - PubMed
1151 Uzu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Uzu T, Fujii T, Nishimura M, Kuroda S, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, et al. Determinats of circadian blood pressure rhythm in essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12(1 Pt 1):35‐9. - PubMed
1152 Chiolero 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chiolero, A, Maillard, M, Nussberger, J, Brunner HR. Renal sodium handling in acute and chronic salt loading/depletion protocols: the confounding influence of acute water loading. Journal of Hypertension 2000;36:631‐7. - PubMed
1153 Bruun 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bruun NE, Dige‐Pedersen H, Skott P. Normal responses of atrial natriuretic factor and renal tubular function to sodium loading in hypertension‐prone humans. Blood Pressure 2000;9:206‐13. - PubMed
1154 Burnier 2000 {published data only}
    1. Burnier M, Monod M, Chiolero A, Maillard M, Nussberger J, Brunner HR. Renal sodium handling in acute and chronic salt loading/depletion protocols: the confounding influence of acute water loading. Journal of Hypertension 2000;18:1657‐64. - PubMed
1155 Heer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Heer M, Baisch F, Kropp J, Gerzer R, Drummer C. High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans. American Journal of Physiology 2000;278:585‐95. - PubMed
1156 Barba 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barba G, Vallance PJ, Strazzullo P, MacAllister RJ. Effects of sodium intake on the pressor and renal responses to nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in normotensive individuals with different sodium sensitivity. Journal of Hypertension 2000;18:615‐21. - PubMed
1157 Boero 2000 {published data only}
    1. Boero R, Pignataro A, Bancale E, Campo A, Morelli E, Nigra M, et al. Metabolic effects of changes in dietary sodium intake in patients with essential hypertension [Effetti metabolici delle variazioni dell'apporto alimentare di sodio in pazienti con ipertensione essenziale]. Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica 2000;52:13‐6. - PubMed
1158 Suzuki 2000 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki M, Kimura Y, Tsushima M, Harano Y. Association of insulin resistance with salt sensitivity and nocturnal fall of blood pressure. Hypertension 2000;35:864‐8. - PubMed
1159 Ames 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ames R. The effect of sodium supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin concentrations in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Hypertension 2001;14:653‐9. - PubMed
1160 DASH 2001 W {published data only}
    1. Sacks F, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:3‐10. - PubMed
1161 DASH 2001 WH {published data only}
    1. Sacks F, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:3‐10. - PubMed
1162 DASH 2001 B {published data only}
    1. Sacks F, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:3‐10. - PubMed
1163 DASH 2001 BH {published data only}
    1. Sacks F, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:3‐10. - PubMed
1168 Cuzzola 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cuzzola F, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Parlongo S, Cutrupi S, Cataliotti A, et al. Urinary adrenomedullin is related to ET‐1 and salt intake in patients with mild essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 2001;14(3):224‐30. - PubMed
1169 Seals 2001 {published data only}
    1. Seals DR, Tanaka H, Clevenger CM, Monahan KD, Reiling MJ, Hiatt WR, et al. Blood pressure reductions with exercise and sodium restriction in postmenopausal women with elevated systolic pressure: role of arterial stiffness. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;38:506‐13. - PubMed
1170 TONE 2001 W {published data only}
    1. Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Easter L, Wilson AC, Folmar s, Lacy CR. Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001;161:685‐93. - PubMed
1171 TONE 2001 B {published data only}
    1. Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Easter L, Wilson AC, Folmar s, Lacy CR. Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001;161:685‐93. - PubMed
1172 Johnson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Davis D. Blood pressure is linked to salt intake and modulated by the angiotensinogen gene in normotensive and hypertensive elderly subjects. Journal of Hypertension 2001;19:1053‐60. - PubMed
1173 Manunta 2001 {published data only}
    1. Manunta P, Messaggio E, Ballabeni C, Sciarrone MT, Lanzani C, Ferrandi M, et al. Plasma ouabain‐like factor during acute and chronic changes in sodium balance in essential hypertension. Plasma ouabain‐like factor during acute and chronic changes in sodium balance in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2001;38:198‐203. - PubMed
1174 Kleij 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kleij FGH, Jong PE, Henning RH, Zeeuw D, Navis G. Enhanced responses of blood pressure, renal function, and aldosterone to angiotensin I in the DD genotype are blunted by low sodium intake. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13:1025‐33. - PubMed
1175 Kerstens 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kerstens MN, Kleij FG, Boonstra AH, Sluiter WJ, Koerts J, Navis G, et al. Salt loading affects cortisol metabolism in normotensive subjects: relationships with salt sensitivity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;88(9):4180‐5. - PubMed
1176 Dishy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dishy V, Sofowora GG, Imamura H, Nishimi Y, Xie HG, Wood AJ, et al. Nitric oxide production decreases after salt loading but is not related to blood pressure changes or nitric oxide‐mediated vascular responses. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:153‐7. - PubMed
1177 Nowson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nowson CA, Morgan TO, Gibbons C. Decreasing dietary sodium while following a self‐selected potassium‐rich diet reduces blood pressure. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133:4118‐23. - PubMed
1178 Perry 2003 {published data only}
    1. Perry CG, Palmer T, Cleland SJ, Morton IJ, Salt IP, Petrie JR, et al. Decreased insulin sensitivity during dietary sodium restriction is not mediatedby effects of angiotensin II on insulin action. Clinical Science 2003;105:187‐94. - PubMed
1179 Nakamura 2003 A {published data only}
    1. Nakamura M, Aoki N, Yamada T, Kubo N. Feasibility and effect on blood pressure of 6‐week trial of low sodium soy sauce and miso (fermented soybean paste). Circulation Journal 2003;67:530‐4. - PubMed
1180 Palacios 2004 {published data only}
    1. Palacios C, Wigertz K, Martin BR, Jackman L, Pratt JH, Peacock M, et al. Sodium retention in black and white female adolescents in response to salt intake. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004;89:1858‐63. - PubMed
1181 Beeks 2004 {published data only}
    1. Beeks E, Klauw MM, Kroon AA, Spiering W, Fuss‐Lejeune MJMJ, Leeuw PW. Alpha‐adducin Gly460Trp polymorphism and renal hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2004;44:419‐23. - PubMed
1182 Berge‐Landry 2004 {published data only}
    1. Berge‐Landry H, James, GD. Serum electrolyte, serum protein, serum fat and renal responses to a dietary sodium challenge: allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of Human Biology 2004;31:477‐87. - PubMed
1183 Gates 2004 {published data only}
    1. Gates PE, Tanaka H, Hiatt WR, Seals DR. Dietary sodium restriction rapidly improves large elastic artery compliance inolder adults with systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2004;44:35‐41. - PubMed
1184 Harsha 2004 {published data only}
    1. Harsha DW, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Svetkey LP, Lin P, Bray GA, et al. Effect of dietary sodium intake on blood lipids: results from the DASH‐sodium trial. Hypertension 2004;43(part 2):393‐8. - PubMed
1185 Zanchi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zanchi A, Chiolero A, Maillard M, Nussberger J, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Effects of the peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma agonist pioglitazone on renal and hormonal responses to salt in healthy men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004;89:1140‐5. - PubMed
1186 Forrester 2005 N {published data only}
    1. Forrester T, Adeyemo A, Soarres‐Wynter S, Sargent L, Bennett F, Wilks R, et al. A randomized trial on sodium reduction in two developing countries. Journal of Human Hypertension 2005;19:55‐60. - PubMed
1187 Forrester 2005 J {published data only}
    1. Forrester T, Adeyemo A, Soarres‐Wynter S, Sargent L, Bennett F, Wilks R, et al. A randomized trial on sodium reduction in two developing countries. Journal of Human Hypertension 2005;19:55‐60. - PubMed
1188 Swift 2005 {published data only}
    1. Swift P, Markandu N, Sagnella G, He F, MacGregor GA. Modest salt reduction reduces blood pressure and urine protein excretion in black hypertensives: a randomized control trial. Hypertension 2005;46:308‐12. - PubMed
1189 Damgaard 2006 {published data only}
    1. Damgaard M, Norsk P, Gustafsson F, Kanters JK, Christensen NJ, Bie P, et al. Hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to changes in sodium intake in compensated heart failure. American Journal of Physiology ‐ Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology 2006;290:R1294‐R1301. - PubMed
1190 Takahashi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Takahashi Y, Sasaki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Blood pressure change in a free‐living population‐based dietary modificationstudy in Japan. Journal of Hypertension 2006;24:451‐8. - PubMed
1191 Melander 2007 {published data only}
    1. Melander O, Wowern F, Frandsen E, Burri P, Willsteen G, Aurell M, et al. Moderate salt restriction effectively lowers blood pressure and degree of salt sensitivity is related to baseline concentration of renin and N‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma. Journal of Hypertension 2007;25:619‐27. - PubMed
1192 Townsend 2007 {published data only}
    1. Townsend RR, Kapoor S, McFadden CB. Salt intake and insulin sensitivity in healthy human volunteers. Clinical Science (London) 2007;113:141‐8. - PubMed
1193 Dengel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dengel DR, Brown MD, Ferrell RE, Reynolds TH, Supiano MA. A preliminary study on T‐786C endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and renal hemodynamic and blood pressure responses to dietary sodium. Physiological Research 2007;56:393‐401. - PubMed
1194 Tzemos 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tzemos N, Lim PO, Wong S, Struthers AD, MacDonald TM. Adverse cardiovascular effects of acute salt loading in young normotensive individuals. Hypertension 2008;51:1525‐35. - PubMed
1195 Jessani 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jessani S, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N, Jafar TH. Effect of low vs. high dietary sodium on blood pressure levels in a normotensive Indo‐Asian population. American Journal of Hypertension 2008;21:1238‐44. - PubMed
1196 Paulsen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Paulsen L, Holst LM, Bech JN, Starklint J, Pedersen EB. Glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure are unchanged by increased sodium intake in atorvastatin‐treated healthy men. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 2009;69:323‐9. - PubMed
1197 Dickinson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson KM, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Effects of a low‐salt diet on flow‐mediated dilatation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89:485‐90. - PubMed
1198 He 2009 {published data only}
    1. He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, Markandu ND, Anand V, Dalton RN, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2009;54:482‐8. - PubMed
1199 Meland 2009 {published data only}
    1. Meland E, Aamland A. Salt restriction among hypertensive patients: modest blood pressure effect and no adverse effects. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2009;27:97‐103. - PMC - PubMed
1200 Pimenta 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pimenta E, Gaddam KK, Oparil S, Aban I, Husain S, Dell'Italia LJ, et al. Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial. Hypertension 2009;54:475‐81. - PMC - PubMed
1201 Nowson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A. Low‐sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension‐type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research 2009;29:8‐18. - PubMed
1202 Weir 2010 {published data only}
    1. Weir MR, Yadao AM, Purkayastha D, Charney AN. Effects of high‐ and low‐sodium diets on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension receiving aliskiren. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010;15:356‐63. - PubMed
1203 Starmans‐Kool 2011 {published data only}
    1. Starmans‐Kool MJ, Stanton AV, Xu YY, McG Thom SA, Parker KH, Hughes AD. High dietary salt intake increases carotid blood pressure and wave reflection in normotensive healthy young men. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011;110(2):468‐71. - PubMed
1204 Carey 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carey RM, Schoeffel CD, Gildea JJ, Jones JE, McGrath HE, Gordon LN, et al. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is associated with polymorphisms in thesodium‐bicarbonate cotransporter. Hypertension 2012;60:1359‐66. - PMC - PubMed
1205 Carey 2012 Hyperpath {published data only}
    1. Carey RM, Schoeffel CD, Gildea JJ, Jones JE, McGrath HE, Gordon LN, et al. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is associated with polymorphisms in thesodium‐bicarbonate cotransporter. Hypertension 2012;60:1359‐66. - PMC - PubMed
1206 Graffe 2012 {published data only}
    1. Graffe CC, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effect of high and low sodium intake on urinary aquaporin‐2 excretion in healthy humans. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2012;15(2):F264‐75. - PubMed
1207 Krikken 2012 {published data only}
    1. Krikken JA, Dallinga‐Thie GM, Navis G, Dullaart RP. Short term dietary sodium restriction decreases HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteinA‐I and high molecular weight adiponectin in healthy young men: relationshipswith renal hemodynamics and RAAS activation. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2012;22(1):35‐41. - PubMed
1208 Todd 2012 {published data only}
    1. Todd AS, Macginley RJ, Schollum JB, Williams SM, Sutherland WH, Mann JI, et al. Dietary sodium loading in normotensive healthy volunteers does not increase arterial vascular reactivity or blood pressure. Nephrology 2012;17:249‐56. - PubMed
1209 Bonfils 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bonfils PK, Taskiran M, Damgaard M, Goetze JP, Floyd AK, Funch‐Jensen P, et al. The influence of high versus low sodium intake on blood pressure andhaemodynamics in patients with morbid obesity. Journal of Hypertension 2013;31:2220‐9. - PubMed
1212 Mak 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mak GS, Sawaya H, Khan AM, Arora P, Martinez A, Ryan A, et al. Effects of subacute dietary salt intake and acute volume expansion on diastolic function in young normotensive individuals. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging 2013;14:1092‐8. - PMC - PubMed
1213 Mallamaci 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mallamaci F, Leonardis D, Pizzini P, Cutrupi S, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. Procalcitonin and the inflammatory response to salt in essential hypertension: a randomized cross‐over clinical trial. Journal of Hypertension 2013;31:1424‐30. - PubMed
1214 Dickinson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Burrell LM, Barrett PH, Keogh JB. Postprandial effects of a high salt meal on serum sodium, arterial stiffness, markers of nitric oxide production and markers of endothelial function. Atherosclerosis 2014;232:211‐6. - PubMed
1215 Allen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Allen AR, Gullixson LR, Wolhart SC, Kost SL, Schroeder DR, Eisenach JH. Dietary sodium influences the effect of mental stress on heart rate variability: a randomized trial in healthy adults. Journal of Hypertension 2014;32:374‐82. - PubMed
1216 Barros 2015 {published data only}
    1. Barros CL, Sousa AL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TS, Carneiro SB, et al. Impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on blood pressure of hypertensive patients. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2015;104(2):128‐35. - PMC - PubMed
1217 Markota 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pinjuh Markota N, Rumboldt M, Rumboldt Z. Emphasized warning reduces salt intake: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2015;9:214‐20. - PubMed
1218 Visser 2008 {published data only}
    1. Visser FW, Boonstra AH, Titia Lely A, Boomsma F, Navis G. Renal response to angiotensin II is blunted in sodium‐sensitive normotensive men. American Journal of Hypertension 2008;21:323‐8. - PubMed
1219 Sharma 3 1993 {published data only}
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1220 Gomi 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gomi T, Shibuya Y, Sakurai J, Hirawa N, Hasegawa K, Ikeda T. Strict dietary sodium reduction worsens insulin sensitivity by increasingsympathetic nervous activity in patients with primary hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11:1048‐55. - PubMed
1221 Facchini 1999 {published data only}
    1. Facchini FS, DoNascimento C, Reaven GM, Yip JW, Ni XP, Humphreys MH. Blood pressure, sodium intake, insulin resistance, and urinary nitrate excretion. Hypertension 1999;33:1008‐12. - PubMed
1222 Pechere‐Bertschi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pechère‐Bertschi A, Maillard M, Stalder H, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Blood pressure and renal haemodynamic response to salt during the normal menstrual cycle. Clinical Science (London) 2000;98:697‐702. - PubMed
1223 Pechère‐Bertschi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Pechère‐Bertschi A, Maillard M, Stalder H, Bischof P, Fathi M, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Renal hemodynamic and tubular responses to salt in women using oralcontraceptives. Kidney International 2003;64(4):1374‐80. - PubMed
1224 Ho 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ho JT, Keogh JB, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart‐Bornstein M, Lewis JG, Clifton PM, et al. Moderate weight loss reduces renin and aldosterone but does not influence basalor stimulated pituitary‐adrenal axis function. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2007;39(9):694‐9. - PubMed
1225 Gijsbers 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gijsbers L, Dower JI, Schalkwijk CG, Kusters YH, Bakker SJ, Hollman PC, et al. Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on endothelial function: a fully controlled dietary intervention study. British Journal of Nutrition 2015;114:1419‐26. - PubMed
1226 Cavka 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cavka A, Cosic A, Jukic I, Jelakovic B, Lombard JH, Phillips SA. The role of cyclo‐oxygenase‐1 in high‐salt diet‐inducedmicrovascular dysfunction in humans. Journal of Physiology 2015;593(24):5313–24. - PMC - PubMed
1227 McManus 2015 {published data only}
    1. McManus F, Fraser R, Davies E, Connell JMC, Freel EM. Plasma steroid profiling and response to trophins to illustrate intra‐adrenal dynamics. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) 2015;82:149‐57. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Anderson 1990 {published data only}
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Dodson 1989 {published data only}
    1. Dodson PM, Beevers M, Hallworth R, Webberley MJ, Fletcher RF, Taylor KG. Sodium restriction and blood pressure in hypertensive type II diabetics: randomised blind controlled and crossover studies of moderate sodium restriction and sodium supplementation. BMJ 1989;298:227‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Imanishi 2001 {published data only}
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Jula‐Karanko 1992 {published data only}
    1. Jula AM, Rönnemaa T, Tikkanen I, Karanko HM. Responses of atrial natriuretic factor to long‐term sodium restriction in mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Internal Medicine 1992;231(5):521‐9. - PubMed
Jula‐Mäki 1992 {published data only}
    1. Jula AM, Rönnemaa T, Piha SJ, Måki JP. Response of diastolic blood pressure to long‐term sodium restriction is posture related. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1992;52(3):159‐67. - PubMed
Miller 1997 {published data only}
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Mühlhauser 1996 {published data only}
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    1. Palmer RM, Osterweil D, Loon‐Lustig G, Stern N. The effect of dietary salt ingestion on blood pressure of old‐old subjects. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989;37:931‐6. - PubMed
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Ruppert 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ruppert M, Diehl J, Kolloch R, Overlack A, Kraft K, Göbel B, et al. Short term dietary sodium restriction increases serum lipids and insulin in salt‐sensitive and salt‐resistant normotensive adults. Klinische Wochenschrift 1991;69(suppl 25):51‐7. - PubMed
Ruppert 1994 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Graudal 1998
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