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Review
. 2017 Jul:46:46-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.001. Epub 2017 Apr 18.

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease - Impact on care and outcomes

K H Humphries  1 , M Izadnegahdar  2 , T Sedlak  3 , J Saw  3 , N Johnston  4 , K Schenck-Gustafsson  5 , R U Shah  6 , V Regitz-Zagrosek  7 , J Grewal  3 , V Vaccarino  8 , J Wei  9 , C N Bairey Merz  9
Affiliations
Review

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease - Impact on care and outcomes

K H Humphries et al. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017 Jul.
No abstract available

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Gender; Sex; Women.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Infographic of Sex and Gender from Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Figure 2
Figure 2. Relative risk of cardiovascular events in men and women with diabetes
Note: Adapted from Kannel et al, with permission.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Relative risk of myocardial infarction for current smokers compared with never smokers
Note: Adapted from Prescott et al, with permission.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Sex-specific differences in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome
Note: Although Coronary vasospasm, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and stress-related (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy do occur in both males and females, these presentations are much more common among females. With respect to thrombus formation, males are more likely to present with ruptured plaque while females are more likely to present with eroded plaques. Adapted from Pagidipati et al., with permission
Figure 5
Figure 5. Angina prevalence in women vs men
Note: Adapted from Hemingway et al, with permission
Figure 6
Figure 6. Proportion of patients (%) with normal findings at coronary angiography according to sex and age group
Note: Adapted from Johnston et al, with permission.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Diagnostic evaluation algorithm for symptomatic women with suspected ischemic heart disease and intermediate and intermediate-high risk
Note: ADL, activities of daily living; Angio, angiography; CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography; DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; ETT, exercise treadmill testing; and SIHD, stable ischemic heart disease. Adapted from Mieres JH et al, with permission.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Cumulative probability of death or MI in patients with confirmed coronary disease and stable angina according to Sex
Note: Adapted from Daly et al, with permission
Figure 9
Figure 9. Management of Algorithm for spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Note: Adapted from Saw et al, with permission
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wizemann TM, Pardue ML. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? Washington (DC): 2001. - PubMed
    1. United States Government Publishing Office. Inclusion of women and minorities in clinical research. Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title42/pdf/USCODE-2011-title4... Accessed on Nov 24, 2016.
    1. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Sex, Gender and Health Research. Retrieved from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/22630.html-1-A2 Accessed on Nov 24, 2016.
    1. Stolarz AJ, Rusch NJ. Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Drugs. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy. 2015;29:403–10. - PubMed
    1. Hofer-Dueckelmann C, Prinz E, Beindl W, Szymanski J, Fellhofer G, Pichler M, Schuler J. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with hospital admissions -elderly female patients are at highest risk. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011;49:577–86. - PubMed

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