Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Apr 21;4(4):CD011384.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011384.pub2.

Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis

Elisabetta Moggia  1 , Rahul Koti  2 , Ajay P Belgaumkar  3 , Federico Fazio  4 , Stephen P Pereira  5 , Brian R Davidson  2 , Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis

Elisabetta Moggia et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: In people with acute pancreatitis, it is unclear what the role should be for medical treatment as an addition to supportive care such as fluid and electrolyte balance and organ support in people with organ failure.

Objectives: To assess the effects of different pharmacological interventions in people with acute pancreatitis.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 9), MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, and trial registers to October 2016 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We also searched the references of included trials to identify further trials.

Selection criteria: We considered only RCTs performed in people with acute pancreatitis, irrespective of aetiology, severity, presence of infection, language, blinding, or publication status for inclusion in the review.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently identified trials and extracted data. We did not perform a network meta-analysis as planned because of the lack of information on potential effect modifiers and differences of type of participants included in the different comparisons, when information was available. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the binary outcomes and rate ratios with 95% CIs for count outcomes using a fixed-effect model and random-effects model.

Main results: We included 84 RCTs with 8234 participants in this review. Six trials (N = 658) did not report any of the outcomes of interest for this review. The remaining 78 trials excluded 210 participants after randomisation. Thus, a total of 7366 participants in 78 trials contributed to one or more outcomes for this review. The treatments assessed in these 78 trials included antibiotics, antioxidants, aprotinin, atropine, calcitonin, cimetidine, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), gabexate, glucagon, iniprol, lexipafant, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), octreotide, oxyphenonium, probiotics, activated protein C, somatostatin, somatostatin plus omeprazole, somatostatin plus ulinastatin, thymosin, ulinastatin, and inactive control. Apart from the comparison of antibiotics versus control, which included a large proportion of participants with necrotising pancreatitis, the remaining comparisons had only a small proportion of patients with this condition. Most trials included either only participants with severe acute pancreatitis or included a mixture of participants with mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis (75 trials). Overall, the risk of bias in trials was unclear or high for all but one of the trials.

Source of funding: seven trials were not funded or funded by agencies without vested interest in results. Pharmaceutical companies partially or fully funded 21 trials. The source of funding was not available from the remaining trials.Since we considered short-term mortality as the most important outcome, we presented only these results in detail in the abstract. Sixty-seven studies including 6638 participants reported short-term mortality. There was no evidence of any differences in short-term mortality in any of the comparisons (very low-quality evidence). With regards to other primary outcomes, serious adverse events (number) were lower than control in participants taking lexipafant (rate ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.96; N = 290; 1 study; very low-quality evidence), octreotide (rate ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.89; N = 770; 5 studies; very low-quality evidence), somatostatin plus omeprazole (rate ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.70; N = 140; 1 study; low-quality evidence), and somatostatin plus ulinastatin (rate ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.60; N = 122; 1 study; low-quality evidence). The proportion of people with organ failure was lower in octreotide than control (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.97; N = 430; 3 studies; very low-quality evidence). The proportion of people with sepsis was lower in lexipafant than control (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.83; N = 290; 1 study; very low-quality evidence). There was no evidence of differences in any of the remaining comparisons in these outcomes or for any of the remaining primary outcomes (the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event and the occurrence of infected pancreatic necrosis). None of the trials reported heath-related quality of life.

Authors' conclusions: Very low-quality evidence suggests that none of the pharmacological treatments studied decrease short-term mortality in people with acute pancreatitis. However, the confidence intervals were wide and consistent with an increase or decrease in short-term mortality due to the interventions. We did not find consistent clinical benefits with any intervention. Because of the limitations in the prognostic scoring systems and because damage to organs may occur in acute pancreatitis before they are clinically manifest, future trials should consider including pancreatitis of all severity but power the study to measure the differences in the subgroup of people with severe acute pancreatitis. It may be difficult to power the studies based on mortality. Future trials in participants with acute pancreatitis should consider other outcomes such as complications or health-related quality of life as primary outcomes. Such trials should include health-related quality of life, costs, and return to work as outcomes and should follow patients for at least three months (preferably for at least one year).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

This report is independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Cochrane Programme Grants, 13/89/03 ‐ Evidence‐based diagnosis and management of upper digestive, hepato‐biliary, and pancreatic disorders). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of short‐term mortality indicating no evidence of reporting bias.
5
5
Funnel plot of infected pancreatic necrosis indicating no evidence of reporting bias.
6
6
Funnel plot of requirement for additional invasive intervention indicating no evidence of reporting bias.
7
7
Funnel plot of serious adverse events (number) indicating that trials with lower precision favoured antibiotics without matching trials with lower precision which showed no effect or favouring control.
8
8
Funnel plot of adverse events (number) indicating that trials with lower precision favoured antibiotics while trials with greater precision favoured control.
9
9
Network plot showing the treatment comparisons that included short‐term mortality. The circles represent treatments while the lines represent the comparisons between the treatments.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 1 Short‐term mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events (proportion).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events (number).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 4 Organ failure.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 5 Infected pancreatic necrosis.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 6 Sepsis.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 7 Adverse events (proportion).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 8 Adverse events (number).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 9 Requirement for additional invasive intervention.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Acute pancreatitis, Outcome 10 Endoscopic or radiological drainage of collections.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 1 Short‐term mortality.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events (proportion).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events (number).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 4 Organ failure.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 5 Infected pancreatic necrosis.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Acute necrotising pancreatitis, Outcome 6 Sepsis.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 1 Short‐term mortality.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events (proportion).
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events (number).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 4 Organ failure.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 5 Infected pancreatic necrosis.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Severe acute pancreatitis, Outcome 6 Sepsis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011384

References

References to studies included in this review

Abraham 2013 {published data only}
    1. Abraham P, Rodriques J, Moulick N, Dharap S, Chafekar N, Verma PK, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous ulinastatin versus placebo along with standard supportive care in subjects with mild or severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2013;61(8):535‐8. - PubMed
Balldin 1983 {published data only}
    1. Balldin G, Borgström A, Genell S, Ohlsson K. The effect of peritoneal lavage and aprotinin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Research in Experimental Medicine. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin Einschliesslich Experimenteller Chirurgie 1983;183(3):203‐13. - PubMed
Bansal 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bansal D, Bhalla A, Bhasin DK, Pandhi P, Sharma N, Rana S, et al. Safety and efficacy of vitamin‐based antioxidant therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 2011;17(3):174‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Barreda 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barreda L, Targarona Modena J, Milian W, Portugal J, Sequeiros J, Pando E, et al. Is the prophylactic antibiotic therapy with imipenem effective for patients with pancreatic necrosis? [Es la antibioticoterapia profilactica con Imipenem efectiva en los pacientes con necrosis pancreatica?]. Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana 2009;39(1):24‐9. - PubMed
Berling 1994 {published data only}
    1. Berling R, Borgstrom A, Ohlsson K. Peritoneal lavage with aprotinin in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: effects on plasma and peritoneal levels of trypsin and leukocyte proteases and their major inhibitors. International Journal of Pancreatology 1998;24(1):9‐17. - PubMed
    1. Berling R, Genell IS, Ohlsson K. High‐dose intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment of acute severe pancreatitis: a double‐blind randomized multi‐center trial. Journal of Gastroenterology 1994;29(4):479‐85. - PubMed
    1. Berling R, Ohlsson K. Effects of high‐dose intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment on complement activation and acute phase response in acute severe pancreatitis. Journal of Gastroenterology 1996;31(5):702‐9. - PubMed
Besselink 2008 {published data only}
    1. Besselink MG, Santvoort HC, Boermeester MA, Fischer K, Renooij W, Smet MB, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in a randomised placebo‐controlled trial of probiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2009;21(3):A2‐A.
    1. Besselink MG, Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG, Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis ‐ reply. Lancet 2008;372(9633):114.
    1. Besselink MG, Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Erratum in: Lancet 2008;371(9620):1246. Lancet 2008;371(9613):651‐9. - PubMed
    1. Besselink MG, Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis: een gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial.]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(12):685‐96. - PubMed
    1. Besselink MG, Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2009;21(3):A8‐9.
Birk 1994 {published data only}
    1. Birk D, Schoenberg MH, Adler G, Beger HG. Oxidative stress in acute‐pancreatitis ‐ results of a prospective randomized clinical pilot‐study. Gastroenterology 1994;106(4):A286‐A.
Bredkjaer 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bredkjaer HE, Bülow S, Ebbehøj N, Friis J, Lindewald H, Rasmussen SG, et al. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with indomethacin. A controlled study of the formation of pseudocysts and their subsequent course [Indometacinbehandling ved pancreatitis acuta. En kontrolleret undersogelse af forekomst og forlob af pseudocystedannelse]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1988;150(47):2902‐3. - PubMed
Buchler 1993 {published data only}
    1. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Scholmerich J, Stockmann F, Adler G, et al. Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis. German pancreatitis study group. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):1165‐70. - PubMed
    1. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Scholmerich J, Stockmann F, Adler G, et al. Gabexate‐mesilate in human acute pancreatitis: results from the German multicenter trial with 4 g/day [abstract]. Digestion 1990;46(3):130.
Chen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chen HM, Chen JC, Hwang TL, Jan YY, Chen MF. Prospective and randomized study of gabexate mesilate for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with organ dysfunction. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2000;47(34):1147‐50. - PubMed
Chen 2002a {published data only}
    1. Chen SY, Wang JY. Ulinastatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a multicenter clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2002;3(2):70‐4.
Chen 2002b {published data only}
    1. Chen SY, Wang JY. Ulinastatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a multicenter clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2002;3(2):70‐4.
Choi 1989 {published data only}
    1. Choi TK, Mok F, Zhan WH, Fan ST, Lai EC, Wong J. Somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Gut 1989;30(2):223‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Chooklin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chooklin S, Vatseba R. N‐acetylcysteine and dexamethasone in the prevention of respiratory complications in acute pancreatitis [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2007;30(Suppl 51):51s [E470].
Debas 1980 {published data only}
    1. Debas HT, Hancock RJ, Soon‐Shiong P. Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis: prospective randomized double‐blind study. Canadian Journal of Surgery 1980;23(6):578‐80. - PubMed
Delcenserie 1996 {published data only}
    1. Delcenserie R, Yzet T, Ducroix JP. Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996;13(2):198‐201. - PubMed
Delcenserie 2001 {published data only}
    1. Delcenserie R, Dellion‐Lozinguez MP, Pagenault M, Hastier P, Yzet T, Dupas JL, et al. Prophylactic ciprofloxacin treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2001;120(5):A25‐A.
Dellinger 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, Ashley SW, Barie PS, Dugernier T, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Annals of Surgery 2007;245(5):674‐83. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dellinger EP, Tellado JM, Soto NE, Ashley SW, Barie PS, Dugernier T, et al. Re: Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis ‐ reply. Annals of Surgery 2008;247(2):394‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Dürr 1978 {published data only}
    1. Dürr HK, Kunz R, Zelder O. The treatment of acute pancreatitis with glucagon: a double blind study. Archives Francaises des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif 1975;64(7 Suppl 4):349.
    1. Dürr HK, Maroske D, Zelder O, Bode Ch J. Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis. Report of a double‐blind trial. Gut 1978;19(3):175‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dürr HK, Zelder O, Maroske D, Bode JC. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with glucagon. Report on a double blind study [Zur behandlung der akuten pankreatitis mit glucagon. Bericht über eine doppelblindstudie]. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin 1976;82 Pt 1:970‐3. - PubMed
Ebbehøj 1985 {published data only}
    1. Ebbehøj N, Bülow S, Friis J, Madsen P, Svendsen LB. Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement 1984;19(Suppl 98):36. - PubMed
    1. Ebbehøj N, Friis J, Svendsen B. Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. A controlled double‐blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1985;20(7):798‐800. - PubMed
Finch 1976 {published data only}
    1. Finch WT, Sawyers JL, Schenker S. A prospective study to determine the efficacy of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 1976;183(6):667‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Freise 1986 {published data only}
    1. Freise J, Melzer P. Foy in the treatment of acute‐pancreatitis ‐ results of the Hannover multicentric double‐blind‐study with 50 patients. Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie 1985;23(9):429. - PubMed
    1. Freise J, Melzer P, Schmidt FW, Horbach L. Gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis ‐ results of the Hannover multicenter double‐blind trial with 50 patients [Gabexat mesilat in der behandlung der akuten pankreatitis. Ergebnisse der hannoverschen multizentrischen doppelblindstudie mit 50 patienten]. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie 1986;24(4):200‐11. - PubMed
Frulloni 1994 {published data only}
    1. Frulloni L, Bassi C, Bovo P, Falconi M, Francesco V, Pederzoli P, et al. Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Argomenti di Gastroenterologia Clinica 1994;7(1):31‐6.
Garcia‐Barrasa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Barrasa A, Borobia FG, Pallares R, Jorba R, Poves I, Busquets J, et al. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2009;13(4):768‐74. - PubMed
Gilsanz 1978 {published data only}
    1. Gilsanz V, Oteyza CP, Rebollar JL. Glucagon vs anticholinergics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double‐blind controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1978;138(4):535‐8. - PubMed
Gjørup 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gjørup I, Roikjaer O, Andersen B, Burcharth F, Hovendal C, Pedersen SA, et al. A double‐blinded multicenter trial of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1992;175(5):397‐400. - PubMed
    1. Gjørup I, Roikjær O, Andersen B, Burcharth F, Hovendal C, Pedersen SA, et al. Somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis a double‐blind multicenter trial [abstract]. Digestion 1990;46(3):140.
Goebell 1979 {published data only}
    1. Goebell H, Ammann R, Akovbiantz A. Calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A multi centre double blind study. Irish Journal of Medical Science 1977;146(Suppl 1):105.
    1. Goebell H, Ammann R, Herfarth C. A double‐blind trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1979;14(7):881‐9. - PubMed
Goebell 1988 {published data only}
    1. Goebell H. Multicenter double‐blind trial of low‐dose intravenous proteinase‐inhibitor (foy‐r) in patients with acute‐pancreatitis. Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie 1988;26(9):447.
    1. Goebell H. Multicenter double‐blind‐study of gabexate‐mesilate (foy), given intravenously in low‐dose in acute‐pancreatitis. Digestion 1988;40(2):83‐.
Grupo Español 1996 {published data only}
    1. Grupo Español Cooperativo para el Estudio de la Somatostatina en el Tratamiento de la Pancreatitis Aguda Grave. [Somatostatina en el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda grave: ensayo clínico multicentrico, controlado, con asignación aleatoria y doble ciego. Presentación de resultados en el análisis secuencial]. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas 1996;88(10):717‐8.
Guo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Guo H, Chen J, Suo D. Clinical efficacy and safety of ulinastatin plus octreotide for patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi [Chinese Medical Journal] 2015;95(19):1471‐4. [PUBMED: 26178495] - PubMed
Hansky 1969 {published data only}
    1. Hansky J. The use of a peptidase inhibitor in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Medical Journal of Australia 1969;1(25):1284‐5. - PubMed
Hejtmankova 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hejtmankova S, Cech P, Hoskovec D, Kostka R, Leffler J, Kasalicky M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: randomized multicenter prospective study with meropenem. Gastroenterology 2003;124(4):A85‐A.
Imrie 1978 {published data only}
    1. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. A single centre double blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Irish Journal of Medical Science 1977;146(suppl.1):no.103. - PubMed
    1. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. A single‐centre double‐blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1978;65(5):337‐41. - PubMed
    1. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC. Single centre double‐blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis. Gut 1977;18(11):A957‐A8. - PubMed
    1. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, McKay AJ, Mackenzie I, Oneill J, et al. Single center double‐blind trial of trasylol therapy in primary acute‐pancreatitis. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1978;2(11):954. - PubMed
    1. Imrie CW, Benjamin IS, Ferguson JC, Thomson WO, McKay AJ, Blumgart LH. Single‐center double‐blind trial of aprotinin (trasylol) therapy in primary acute‐pancreatitis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1978;60(2):142.
Imrie 1980 {published data only}
    1. Imrie CW, McKay AJ, Neill JO, Campbell FC, Gordon DA, Lang JA. Short duration megadosage iv trasylol in primary acute pancreatitis ‐ a double‐blind trial [abstract]. Gut 1980;21(Suppl 21):A457.
Isenmann 2004 {published data only}
    1. Beger HG, Isenmann R. Discussion on prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe pancreatitis: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial ‐ reply. Gastroenterology 2004;127(3):1016‐7. - PubMed
    1. Isenmann R, Ruenzi M, Kron M, Goebell H, Beger HG. Prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis. Results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 2003;124(4):A32‐A. - PubMed
    1. Isenmann R, Runzi M, Kron M, Kahl S, Kraus D, Jung N. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004;126(4):997‐1004. [see comment]. - PubMed
Johnson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Johnson CD, Kingsnorth AN, Imrie CW, McMahon MJ, Neoptolemos JP, McKay C, et al. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2001;48(1):62‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kingsnorth AN. Early treatment with lexipafant, a platelet activating factor antagonist reduces mortality in acute pancreatitis: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997;112(4):A453‐A.
    1. Toh SKC. Lexipafant, a platelet activation factor (paf) antagonist, reduces mortality in a randomised placebo‐controlled study in patients with severe acute pancreatitis [abstract]. Gut 1997;40(Suppl 1):A12.
Kalima 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kalima TV, Lempinen M. The effect of zinc‐protamine‐glucagon in acute pancreatitis. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 1980;69(6):293‐5. - PubMed
Kingsnorth 1995 {published data only}
    1. Galloway SW, Formela L, Kingsnorth AN. A double blind placebo controlled study of bb‐882 (a potent paf antogonist) in human acute pancreatitis. Gut 1994;35(Suppl 5):T139.
    1. Galloway SW, Formela L, Kingsnorth AN. A double‐blind placebo controlled study of lexipafant (a potent paf antagonist) in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1995;36(3):A478.
    1. Kingsnorth AN, Galloway SW, Formela LJ. Randomized, double‐blind phase ii trial of lexipafant, a platelet‐activating factor antagonist, in human acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82(10):1414‐20. - PubMed
Kirsch 1978 {published data only}
    1. Kirsch A, Werner U, Heinze D. Proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis (author's transl). Zentralblatt für Chirurgie 1978;103(5):291‐303. - PubMed
Kronborg 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kronborg O, Bulow S, Joergensen PM, Svendsen LB. A randomized double‐blind trial of glucagon in treatment of first attack of severe acute pancreatitis without associated biliary disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1980;73(5):423‐5. - PubMed
    1. Kronborg O, Jorgensen PM, Bulow S. Controlled randomized trial of glucagon in treatment of 1st attack of severe acute‐pancreatitis without associated biliary disease, interim‐report. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1976;11:13. - PubMed
Llukacaj 2012 {published data only}
    1. Llukacaj A, Naco M, Mandi A, Rakipi B, Kodra N. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012;29(Suppl 50):28.
Luengo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Luengo L, Gómez R, Castellote M, Ros S, Feliu F, Vadillo J. Influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis. Cirugía Española 1994;56(Suppl 1):11‐2.
    1. Luengo L, Vicente V, Gris F, Coronas JM, Escuder J, Gomez JR, et al. Influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1994;15(2):139‐44. - PubMed
Luiten 1995 {published data only}
    1. Luiten EJ, Hop WC, Lange JF, Bruining HA. Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 1995;222(1):57‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Marek 1999 {published data only}
    1. Marek TA, Dziurkowska‐Marek A, Nowak A, Kacperek‐Hartleb T, Sierka E, Nowakowska‐Dulawa E. Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of ascorbic acid in human acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(Suppl. V):A315.
Martinez 1984 {published data only}
    1. Martinez E, Navarrete F. A controlled trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Surgery 1984;8(3):354‐9. - PubMed
McKay 1997a {published data only}
    1. McKay C, Baxter J, Imrie C. A randomized, controlled trial of octreotide in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis. International Journal of Pancreatology 1997;21(1):13‐9. - PubMed
    1. McKay C, Baxter JN, Imrie CW. Octreotide in acute‐pancreatitis ‐ a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Surgery 1994;81(12):1814‐.
McKay 1997b {published data only}
    1. Curran FJM, Sharples CE, Young CA, Curtis L, McKay CJ, Baxter JN, et al. Controlled trial of lexipafant in severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1995;11(4):424.
    1. McKay CJ, Curran F, Sharples C, Baxter JN, Imrie CW. Prospective placebo‐controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1997;84(9):1239‐43. - PubMed
    1. McKay CJ, Imrie CW. Prospective placebo‐controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis ‐ reply. British Journal of Surgery 1998;85(2):280. - PubMed
Moreau 1986 {published data only}
    1. Moreau J, Bommelaer G, Buscail L, Benque A, Jacob C, Galleyrand J, et al. Preliminary‐results of a multicentric double‐blind trial of somatostatin (s) vs placebo (p) in acute‐pancreatitis (ap). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1986;31(10):S24‐S.
MRC Multicentre Trial 1977 {published data only}
    1. Death from acute pancreatitis. M.R.C. Multicentre trial of glucagon and aprotinin. Lancet 1977;2(8039):632‐5. - PubMed
Nordback 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nordback I, Sand J, Saaristo R, Paajanen H. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis‐‐a single‐center randomized study. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2001;5(2):113‐8. - PubMed
Ohair 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ohair DP, Hoffman RG, Schroeder H, Wilson SD. Octreotide in the treatment of acute‐pancreatitis ‐ a prospective, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):A326‐A.
Olah 2007 {published data only}
    1. Olah A, Belagyi T, Poto L, Romics Jr L, Bengmark S. Synbiotic control of inflammation and infection in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, double blind study. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2007;54(74):590‐4. - PubMed
Paran 1995 {published data only}
    1. Paran H, Neufeld D, Mayo A, Shwartz I, Singer P, Kaplan O, et al. Preliminary report of a prospective randomized study of octreotide in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 1995;181(2):121‐4. - PubMed
Pederzoli 1993a {published data only}
    1. Bassi C, Cavallini G, Bovo P, Bonora A, Vesentini S, Pederzoli P. Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis (ap). The Italian multicentric trial. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):76.
    1. Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A, Nifosi F, Girelli R, Falconi M, et al. Imipenem prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: results of a multicenter study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):77.
    1. Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A. A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1993;176(5):480‐3. - PubMed
Pederzoli 1993b {published data only}
    1. Bassi C, Cavallini G, Bovo P, Bonora A, Vesentini S, Pederzoli P. Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis (ap). The Italian multicentric trial. International Journal of Pancreatology 1992;12(1):76.
    1. Bassi C, DiCarlo V, Zerbi A, Galloro V, Uomo G, Fontana G, et al. Role of imipenem (i) in preventing infected necrosis (in) during acute pancreatitis (np) results of the Italian multicenter study [abstract]. Digestion 1992;52(2):68.
    1. Pederzoli P, Cavallini G, Falconi M, Bassi C. Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in human acute pancreatitis (ga.Me.P.A.): A prospective, randomized, double‐blind multicenter study. International Journal of Pancreatology 1993;14(2):117‐24. - PubMed
Perezdeoteyza 1980 {published data only}
    1. Perezdeoteyza C, Rebollar JL, Ballarin M, Chantres MT, Alonso A, Marin J, et al. Controlled treatment of acute‐pancreatitis ‐ double‐blind‐study with cimetidine [Tratamiento controlado de la pancreatitis aguda. Ensayo doble ciego con cimetidina]. Revista Clinica Española 1980;158(6):263‐6. - PubMed
Pettila 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kyhala L, Lindstrom O, Kylanpaa L, Mustonen H, Puolakkainen P, Kemppainen E, et al. Activated protein C retards recovery from coagulopathy in severe acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016;76(1):10‐6. - PubMed
    1. Pettila V, Kyhala L, Kylanpaa ML, Leppaniemi A, Tallgren M, Markkola A, et al. APCAP ‐ activated protein C in acute pancreatitis: a double‐blind randomized human pilot trial. Critical Care 2010;14(4):R139. - PMC - PubMed
Plaudis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Plaudis H, Boka V, Pupelis G. Early low volume oral synbiotic/prebiotic supplemented enteral stimulation of the gut in patients with sap: randomized double blind prospective study. HPB 2010;12(Suppl 1):49.
Poropat 2015 {published data only}
    1. Poropat G, Giljaca V, Licul V, Hauser G, Milic S, Stimac D. Imipenem prophylaxis for predicted severe acute pancreatitis‐preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2015;3(5 Suppl):A172.
Rokke 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rokke O, Harbitz TB, Liljedal J, Pettersen T, Fetvedt T, Heen LO, et al. Early treatment of severe pancreatitis with imipenem: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2007;42(6):771‐6. - PubMed
Sainio 1995 {published data only}
    1. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Lancet 1995;346(8976):663‐7. - PubMed
    1. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Early antibiotic‐treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis ‐ a prospective randomized study. Gastroenterology 1994;106(4):A319‐A.
    1. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic‐treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis ‐ a prospective randomized study. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):A332‐A.
Sateesh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sateesh J, Bhardwaj P, Singh N, Saraya A. Effect of antioxidant therapy on hospital stay and complications in patients with early acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Tropical Gastroenterology 2009;30(4):201‐6. - PubMed
Sharma 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sharma B, Srivastava S, Singh N, Sachdev V, Kapur S, Saraya A. Role of probiotics on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2011;45(5):442‐8. - PubMed
Sillero 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sillero C, Perez‐Mateo M, Vazquez N, Martin A. Controlled trial of cimetidine in acute pancreatitis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1981;21(1):17‐21. - PubMed
Siriwardena 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sinwardena AK, Mason JM, Balachandra S, Bagul A, Galloway S, Formela L, et al. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, trial of high‐dose intravenous anti‐oxidant therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2006;130(4):A83‐A.
    1. Siriwardena AK, Mason JM, Balachandra S, Bagul A, Galloway S, Formela L, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous antioxidant (n‐acetylcysteine, selenium, vitamin c) therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2007;56(10):1439‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Spicak 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hubaczova M, Spicak J, Antos F, Bartova I, Cech P, Kasalicky P, et al. The role of antibiotic treatment in severe form of acute pancreatitis: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology 2001;120(5):A645‐A.
    1. Hubaczová M, Spicák J, Antós F, Bártová I, Cech P, Kasalický M, et al. The role of antibiotic treatment in severe form of acute pancreatitis: a randomized prospective study [abstract]. Gut 2000;47(Suppl III):A142.
    1. Spicak J, Hubaczova M, Antos F, Bartova J, Cech P, Kasalicky M, et al. Antibiotics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis ‐ findings from a randomized multi‐centre prospective study [Antibiotika v léčbĕ akutní pankreatitidy ‐ poučení z randomizonvané multicentrické prospektivni studie]. Ceska a Slovenska Gastroenterologie a Hepatologie 2002;56(5):183‐9.
Spicak 2003 {published data only}
    1. Spicak J, Hejtmankova S, Hubaczova M, Antos F, Bartova J, Cech P, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infectious complications of acute pancreatitis ‐ the results of randomised study by meropenem [Antibiotiká profylaxe infekĉních komplikací u akutní pankreatitidy ‐ výsledky randomizonvané studie s meropenemem]. Ceska a Slovenska Gastroenterologie a Hepatologie 2003;57(6):222‐7.
Storck 1968 {published data only}
    1. Storck G, Persson B. Trasylol treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double‐blind study [Trasylol vid akut pankreatit. En dubbel‐blindstudie]. Nordisk Medicin 1968;79(20):651‐3. - PubMed
Trapnell 1974 {published data only}
    1. Trapnell JE. Controlled study of aprotinin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Etude controlee de l'aprotinine dans le traitement de la pancreatie aigue]. Annales de Chirurgie 1976;30(3):201. - PubMed
    1. Trapnell JE, Rigby CC, Talbot CH, Duncan EH. A controlled trial of trasylol in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 1974;61(3):177‐82. - PubMed
    1. Trapnell JE, Rigby CC, Talbot CH, Duncan EH. Controlled study on trasylol in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Eine kontrollierte prufung von trasylol bie der behandlung der akuten pankreatitis]. Die Medizinische Welt 1974;25(50):2106‐11. - PubMed
    1. Trapnell JE, Talbot CH, Capper WM. Trasylol in acute pancreatitis. The American Journal of Digestive Diseases 1967;12(4):409‐12. - PubMed
Tykka 1985 {published data only}
    1. Tykka HT, Vaittinen EJ, Mahlberg KL. A randomized double‐blind study using cana2edta, a phospholipase a2 inhibitor, in the management of human acute pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1985;20(1):5‐12. - PubMed
Uhl 1999 {published data only}
    1. Uhl W, Buchler MW, Malfertheiner P, Beger HG, Adler G, Gaus W. A randomised, double blind, multicentre trial of octreotide in moderate to severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(1):97‐104. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Uhl W, Malfertheiner P, Adler G, Bruch HP, Lankisch PG, Lorenz D, et al. A randomized controlled multicentric trial on the role of octreotide in human acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997;112(4):A488‐A.
Usadel 1985 {published data only}
    1. Usadel KH, Uberla KK, Leuschner U. Treatment of acute‐pancreatitis with somatostatin ‐ results of the multicenter double‐blind trial (apts‐study). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1985;30(10):992.
Valderrama 1992 {published data only}
    1. Valderrama R, Pérez‐Mateo M, Navarro S, Vázquez N, Sanjosé L, Adrián MJ, et al. Multicenter double‐blind trial of gabexate mesylate (foy) in unselected patients with acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1992;51(2):65‐70. - PubMed
Vege 2015 {published data only}
    1. Vege SS, Atwal T, Bi Y, Chari ST, Clemens MA, Enders FT. Pentoxifylline treatment in severe acute pancreatitis: a pilot, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2015;149(2):318‐20.e3. - PubMed
    1. Vege SS, Atwal T, Chari ST, Pearson RK, Loftus CG, Enders F, et al. Pentoxifylline treatment in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(Suppl 1):S111‐2. - PubMed
Wang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wang X, Li W, Niu C, Pan L, Li N, Li J. Thymosin alpha 1 is associated with improved cellular immunity and reduced infection rate in severe acute pancreatitis patients in a double‐blind randomized control study. Inflammation 2011;34(3):198‐202. - PubMed
Wang 2013a {published data only}
    1. Wang G, Wen J, Wilbur RR, Wen P, Zhou SF, Xiao X. The effect of somatostatin, ulinastatin and salvia miltiorrhiza on severe acute pancreatitis treatment. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2013;346(5):371‐6. - PubMed
Wang 2013b {published data only}
    1. Wang R, Yang F, Guo Z, Yi Z, Huang L, Hu B, et al. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib‐a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2013;28(Suppl):16‐7.
    1. Wang R, Yang F, Guo Z, Yi Z, Huang L, Tang C. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(Suppl 1):S139.
    1. Wang R, Yang F, Guo ZZ, Yi ZH, Huang LB, Hu B, et al. Alleviation of acute pancreatitis with octreotide and celecoxib: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2014;15(Suppl 1):8.
Wang 2013c {published data only}
    1. Wang R, Yang F, Wu H, Wang Y, Huang Z, Hu B, et al. High‐dose versus low‐dose octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Peptides 2013;40:57‐64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.018] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wang R, Yang F, Wu H, Wang YF, Hu B, Zhang MG, et al. Octreotide at high dose in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5):S62.
Wang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wang G, Liu Y, Zhou SF, Qiu P, Xu L, Wen P, et al. Effect of somatostatin, ulinastatin and gabexate on the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2016;351(5):506‐12. - PubMed
Xia 2014 {published data only}
    1. Xia YX, Liu XZ, Zhang XD, Shang PJ, Guo J. Efficacy and safety of omeprazole combined with somatostatin in treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2014;22(8):1179‐83.
Xue 2009 {published data only}
    1. Xue P, Deng LH, Zhang ZD, Yang XN, Wan MH, Song B, et al. Effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on acute necrotizing pancreatitis: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia) 2009;24(5):736‐42. - PubMed
Yang 1999 {published data only}
    1. Yang JQ, Wang P, Zhong J, Liu YK, Liu ZJ. A controlled study of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Journal of Jinan University 1999;20(2):50‐2.
Yang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yang F, Wu H, Li Y, Li Z, Wang C, Yang J, et al. Prevention of severe acute pancreatitis with octreotide in obese patients: a prospective multi‐center randomized controlled trial. Pancreas 2012;41(8):1206‐12. - PubMed
Zhu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhu YM, Lin S, Dang XW, Wang M, Li L, Sun RQ, et al. Effects of probiotics in treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2014;22(32):5013‐7.

References to studies excluded from this review

Akzhigitov 1968 {published data only}
    1. Akzhigitov GN. Use of monoaminoxidase inhibitor vetrazine in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [Primenenie ingibitora monoaminoksidazy vetrazina pri lechenii ostrogo pankreatita]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1968;40(10):82‐4. - PubMed
Akzhigitov 1969 {published data only}
    1. Akzhigitov GN, Grach Z, Rubtsova LK, Koroleva VG, Pozdniakova VP. Use of glycocycline in the treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis and cholepancreatitis. Antibiotiki 1969;14(2):174‐8. - PubMed
Al‐Leswas 2013a {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Arshad A, Eltweri A, Chung WY, Al‐Taan O, Pollard C, et al. An omega‐3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with improved clinical outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised double‐blind controlled trial. British Journal of Surgery 2013;100(Suppl 4):2.
Al‐Leswas 2013b {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Chung WY, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Al‐Taan O, Pollard C, et al. Evaluation of the acute inflammatory response to omega‐3 fatty acids in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Pancreatology 2013;13(1):e6.
Al‐Leswas 2013c {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Chung WY, Eltweri A, Stephenson J, Arshad A, Pollard C, et al. Evaluation of the cytokines response to omega‐3 fatty acids in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S2. - PubMed
Al‐Leswas 2013d {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Chung WY, Al‐Taan O, Pollard C, et al. Progression of the early warning scores (ews) in severe acute pancreatitis patients treated with omega‐3 fish oil: a randomised control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S47‐S8.
Al‐Leswas 2013e {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Eltweri A, Arshad A, Chung WY, Stephenson J, Pollard C, et al. An omega‐3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with fewer new organ failures, less systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves the outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised double‐blind, phase ii control trial. Pancreatology 2013;13(1):e2.
Al‐Leswas 2013f {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Eltweri A, Chung WY, Al‐Taan O, Arshad A, Pollard C, et al. An omega‐3 rich lipid emulsion is associated with fewer new organ failures, less systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves the outcome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: A randomised double‐blind, phase ii control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S2‐3.
Al‐Leswas 2013g {published data only}
    1. Al‐Leswas D, Eltweri A, Hall T, Stephenson J, Pollard C, Garcea G, et al. Safety and tolerability of two parenteral lipid emulsions in patients with severe acute pancreatitis as measured by serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2013;32(Suppl 1):S49‐50.
Amundsen 1972 {published data only}
    1. Amundsen E. The use of protease inhibitors during acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Experimental findings and clinical implications. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 1972;61(5):284‐7. - PubMed
Andersson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Andersson RG. Probiotics in acute pancreatitis. British Journal of Surgery 2008;95(8):941‐2. - PubMed
Baden 1967 {published data only}
    1. Baden H, Jordal K, Lund F, Zachariae F. A double‐blind controlled clinical trial of trasylol. Preliminary results in acute pancreatitis and in prophylaxis against postoperative pancreatitis. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 1967;378(Suppl):97‐102. - PubMed
Baden 1969 {published data only}
    1. Baden H, Jordal K, Lund F, Zachariae F. Prophylactic and curative action of trasylol in pancreatitis; a double blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1969;4(3):291‐5. - PubMed
Bai 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bai YT, Guo XZ, Li HY, Shao XD, Cui ZM, Wang D, et al. Therapeutic effect of ulinastatin vs gabexate mesilate in management of acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi [World Chinese Journal of Digestology] 2013;21(14):1339‐42.
Bassi 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bassi C, Falconi M, Talamini G, Uomo G, Papaccio G, Dervenis C, et al. Controlled clinical trial of pefloxacin versus imipenem in severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1998;115(6):1513‐7. - PubMed
Beechey‐Newman 1991 {published data only}
    1. Beechey‐Newman N, Lee W, Wilkinson M, Grogono J, McPherson GAD. Treatment with high dose octreotide improves the clinical course of acute pancreatitis [abstract]. Gut 1991;32(Suppl.5):A558.
Beechey‐Newman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Beechey‐Newman N. Controlled trial of high‐dose octreotide in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Evidence of improvement in disease severity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1993;38(4):644‐7. - PubMed
Beger 2001 {published data only}
    1. Beger HG. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis ‐ a single‐center randomized study ‐ commentary. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2001;5(2):119‐20. - PubMed
Bender 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bender HJ, Albrecht MD, Quintel M, Ackern K. Use of octreotidacetate (sandostatin) in the treatment of necrotising haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Der Anaesthesist 1992;41(Suppl 2):S130.
Binder 1993 {published data only}
    1. Binder M, Buchler M, Uhl W, Friess H, Dennler HJ, Beger HG. Octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: results of an unicentric prospective trial with three different octreotide dosages [Octreotide bei akuter pankreatitis: Ergebnisse einer unizentrischen prospektiven studie mit drei verschiedenen octreotide‐dosierungen]. Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie 1993;Suppl 1 Forumband:233‐8.
Binder 1994 {published data only}
    1. Binder M, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, Buchler MW. Octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: results of a unicenter prospective trial with three different octreotide dosages. Digestion 1994;55(Suppl 1):20‐3. - PubMed
Brown 2004 {published data only}
    1. Brown A. Prophylactic antibiotic use in severe acute pancreatitis: Hemlock, help, or hype?. Gastroenterology 2004;126(4):1195‐8. - PubMed
Buchler 1988 {published data only}
    1. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Uhl W, Wolf HR, Schwab G, Beger HG. Gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Multicenter study of tolerance of a high intravenous dose (4 g/day) [Gabexat‐mesilat in der therapie der akuten pankreatitis. Multicenterstudie zur vertraglichkeit einer hohen intravenosen dosis (4 g/Tag)]. Medizinische Klinik 1988;83(10):320‐4, 52. - PubMed
Cameron 1979 {published data only}
    1. Cameron JL, Mehigan D, Zuidema GD. Evaluation of atropine in acute pancreatitis. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 1979;148(2):206‐8. - PubMed
Cheng 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cheng YX, Wang M, Cheng X. Effect of dachaihu decoction in treating acute mild pancreatitis of gan‐qi stagnant type. Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zqzhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2008;28(9):793‐6. - PubMed
Cullimore 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cullimore J, Cotter L, Gonzalez A. Antibiotics in acute necrotising pancreatitis [author reply]. Lancet 2008;371(9618):1072. - PubMed
Curtis 1997 {published data only}
    1. Curtis LD. Lexipafant(bb‐882), a potent PAF antagonist in acute pancreatitis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1997;416:361‐3. - PubMed
D'Amico 1990 {published data only}
    1. D'Amico D, Favia G, Biasiato R, Casaccia M, Falcone F, Fersini M, et al. The use of somatostatin in acute pancreatitis‐‐results of a multicenter trial. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 1990;37(1):92‐8. - PubMed
Da Silvereira 2002 {published data only}
    1. Silveira EBV, Barkin JS. Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;97(6):1557‐9. - PubMed
De Vries 2007 {published data only}
    1. Vries AC, Besselink MG, Buskens E, Ridwan BU, Schipper M, Erpecum KJ, et al. Randomized controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: relationship between methodological quality and outcome. Pancreatology 2007;7(5‐6):531‐8. - PubMed
Dikkenberg 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dikkenberg GM. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and informed consent procedure [author reply ‐ 4] [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed‐consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1592. - PubMed
Dreiling 1977 {published data only}
    1. Dreiling DA, Nacchiero M, Kaplan. I. Is there a place for steroids in the treatment of pancreatic inflammation?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1977;67(1):21‐8. - PubMed
Du 2002 {published data only}
    1. Du W, Shen D, Huang C, Zhou Y. Effect of high‐dose vitamin C on cellular immunity of patients with acute pancreatitis. Wei Chang Bing Xue [Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology] 2002;7(4):213‐5.
Du 2003 {published data only}
    1. Du WD, Yuan ZR, Sun J, Tang JX, Cheng AQ, Shen DM, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of high‐dose vitamin c on acute pancreatitis and its potential mechanisms. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;9(11):2565‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Dürr 1985 {published data only}
    1. Dürr GH, Schaefers A, Maroske D, Bode JC. A controlled study on the use of intravenous fat in patients suffering from acute attacks of pancreatitis. Infusionstherapie und Klinische Ernahrung 1985;12(3):128‐33. - PubMed
Freise 1985 {published data only}
    1. Freise J, Schmidt FW, Maferstedt P, Schmid K. Gabexate mesilate and camostate: New inhibitors of phospholipase a2 and their influence on the alpha‐amylase activity in serum of patients with acute pancreatitis. Clinical Biochemistry 1985;18(4):224‐9. - PubMed
Friess 1994 {published data only}
    1. Friess H, Hofbauer B, Buchler MW. The role of somatostatin and octreotide in pancreatic surgery and in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Digestive Surgery 1994;11(3‐6):445‐50.
Gabryelewicz 1968 {published data only}
    1. Gabryelewicz A, Niewiarowski S. Activation of blood clotting and inhibition of fibrinolysis in acute pancreatitis. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 1968;20(3):409‐14. - PubMed
Gabryelewicz 1976 {published data only}
    1. Gabryelewicz A, Olszewski S, Szalaj W, Puchalski Z, Stasiewicz J. Heparin and glucagon treatment of acute pancreatitis‐‐results (author's transl) [Wyniki leczenia ostrego zapalenia trzustki za pomoca heparyny lub glukagonu]. Przeglad Lekarski 1976;33(2):323‐8. - PubMed
Gao 2015b {published data only}
    1. Gao Q, Liang N. Integrated traditional Chinese medicine improves acute pancreatitis via the downregulation of prss1 and spink1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2015;9(3):947‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia 2005 {published data only}
    1. Garcia DA, Gonzalez JA, Rodriguez N, Britton CS, Hinojo E, Quintanilla C, et al. Utility of synbiotic therapy in acute pancreatitis. A double blind randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4 Suppl 2):A173‐A.
Gostishchev 1977 {published data only}
    1. Gostishchev VK, Lutsevich EV, Tolstykh PI, Vladimirov VG, Sergienko VI. [effectiveness of proteolysis inhibitors in treatment of acute pancreatitis]. Khirurgiia 1977, (7):87‐92. - PubMed
Guo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guo Z, Wang R, Tang C. Effect of octreotide on plasma levels of somatostatin, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in patients with acute pancreatitis: A prospective single‐center randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5 Suppl):S566.
Hajdu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hajdu N, Belagyi T, Issekutz A, Bartek P, Gartner B, Olah A. Intravenous glutamine and early nasojejunal nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis ‐‐ a prospective randomized clinical study [Intravenas glutamin es korai nasojejunalis taplalas egyuttes alkalmazasa sulyos acut pancreatitisben ‐‐ prospektiv randomizalt kettos vak kontrollalt klinikai vizsgalat]. Magyar sebeszet 2012;65(2):44‐51. - PubMed
Harinath 2002 {published data only}
    1. Harinath G, O'Riordan B. Prospective randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopacreatography‐induced pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2001;88:1178‐82). The British Journal of Surgery 2002;89(5):628‐9; discussion 9. - PubMed
Hart 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hart PA, Bechtold ML, Marshall JB, Choudhary A, Puli SR, Roy PK. Prophylactic antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta‐analysis. Southern Medical Journal 2008;101(11):1126‐31. - PubMed
He 2004 {published data only}
    1. He XL, Ma QJ, Lu JG, Chu YK, Du XL. Effect of total parenteral nutrition (tpn) with and without glutamine dipeptide supplementation on outcome in severe acute pancreatitis (sap). Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2004;1(1):43‐7.
Helton 2001 {published data only}
    1. Helton S, Nordback I, Rattner DW, Gloor B, Kumar A, Sarr MG, et al. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis ‐ a single‐center randomized study ‐ discussion. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2001;5(2):118‐9. - PubMed
Hoekstra 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hoekstra JH. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and informed consent procedure [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed‐consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1591‐2; author reply 3‐4. - PubMed
Holub 1974 {published data only}
    1. Holub K, Om P. Treatment of acute pancreatitis using glucagon [Glukagonbehandlung der akuten pankreatitis]. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 1974;99(24):748‐50. - PubMed
Howard 2007 {published data only}
    1. Howard TJ. As good as it gets: the study of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery 2007;245(5):684‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Howes 1975 {published data only}
    1. Howes R, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Journal of Surgical Research 1975;18(2):197‐200. - PubMed
Huang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Huang XX, Wang XP, Ma JJ, Jing DD, Wang PW, Wu K. Effects of enteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine and arginine on gut barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. National Medical Journal of China 2008;88(34):2407‐9. - PubMed
Issekutz 2002 {published data only}
    1. Issekutz A, Olah A, Bengmark S. Early enteral supply of lactobacilli + fibre vs. Placebo + fibre in severe acute pancreatitis ‐ a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2002;40(5):338.
Ivanov 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ivanov Iu V, Chudnykh SM, Mozgalin AG. Effectiveness of mexidol in acute pancreatitis [Effektivnost' meksidola pri ostrom pankreatite]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 2002;80(9):44‐6. - PubMed
Jiang 1988 {published data only}
    1. Jiang LS, Fang PS, Xu ZH. Controlled trial of calcium channel blocker, rou gui qing, and ‐receptor blocker for treatment of 80 patients with acute pancreatitis. Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Hepatology] 1988;4(4):48.
Karakan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Karakan T, Ergun M, Dogan I, Cindoruk M, Unal S. Comparison of early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis with prebiotic fiber supplementation versus standard enteral solution: a prospective randomized double‐blind study. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007;13(19):2733‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Karakoyunlar 1999 {published data only}
    1. Karakoyunlar O, Sivrel E, Tanir N, Denecli AG. High dose octreotide in the management of acute pancreatitis. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 1999;46(27):1968‐72. - PubMed
Karavanov 1966 {published data only}
    1. Karavanov AG, Osingolts SL. The use of epsilon‐aminocaproic acid in the treatment of acute pancreatits [Primenenie epsilon‐aminokapronovoi kisloty (E‐AKK) v lechenii ostrykh pankreatitov]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1966;44(5):13‐5. - PubMed
Lasztity 2005a {published data only}
    1. Lasztity N, Hamvas J, Biró L, Németh E, Marosvölgyi T, Decsi T, et al. Effect of enterally administered n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis‐‐a prospective randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2005;24(2):198‐205. - PubMed
Lasztity 2005b {published data only}
    1. Lasztity N, Pap A, Hamvas J, Biro L, Nemeth E, Marosvolgyi T, et al. Effect of enterally administered n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis ‐ a prospective randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4):A174‐A. - PubMed
Lasztity 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lasztity N, Hamvas J, Biro L, Nemeth E, Marosvolgyi T, Decsi T, et al. Enteral administration of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acute pancreatitis [Az n‐3 többszörösen telítetlen zsírsavak enteralis adása akut pancreatitisben ‐ előzetes eredmények]. Lege Artis Medicinae 2006;16(10):848‐54.
Lata 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lata J, Dít P, Julínková K, Precechtělová M, Prásek J. Effect of octreotide on the clinical course of acute pancreatitis and levels of free oxygen radicals and antioxidants [Vliv octreotidu na klinicky prubeh akutni pankreatitidy a hladinu volnych kyslikovych radikala a antioxidacnich latek]. Vnitrní lékarství 1998;44(9):524‐7. - PubMed
Lata 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lata J, Juránková J, Stibůrek O, Príbramská V, Senkyrík M, Vanásek T. Probiotics in acute pancreatitis‐‐a randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study [Probiotika u akutni pankreatitidy‐‐randomizovana, placebem kontrolovana, dvojite slepa studie]. Vnitrní lékarství 2010;56(2):111‐4. - PubMed
Lim 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lim CL, Lee W, Liew YX, Tang SS, Chlebicki MP, Kwa AL. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2015;19(3):480‐91. - PubMed
Lu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lu J, Liu CW, Zheng YK, Hu W, Zhu KY, Hu WH. Effects of glutamine in hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Linchuang Yingyang Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition] 2006;14(4):227‐30.
Lu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lu HG, Shi YB, Zhao LM, Bai C, Wang X. Role of enteral ebselen and ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose in pancreatitis‐associated multiple‐organ dysfunction in humans. Journal of Organ Dysfunction 2008;4(1):43‐50.
Manes 2003 {published data only}
    1. Manes G, Rabitti PG, Menchise A, Riccio E, Balzano A, Uomo G. Prophylaxis with meropenem of septic complications in acute pancreatitis: a randomized, controlled trial versus imipenem. Pancreas 2003;27(4):e79‐83. - PubMed
Manes 2006 {published data only}
    1. Manes G, Uomo I, Menchise A, Rabitti PG, Ferrara EC, Uomo G. Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis: a controlled randomized study with meropenem. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(6):1348‐53. - PubMed
McClave 2009 {published data only}
    1. McClave SA, Heyland DK, Wischmeyer PE. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2009;33(4):444‐6. - PubMed
Mercadier 1973 {published data only}
    1. Mercadier M, Chigot JP, Clot JP. Has glucagon a value in the treatment of acute pancreatitis? [Le glucagon a‐t‐il un intert dans le traitement des pancreatites aigues]. Nouvelle Presse Medicale 1973;2(40):2692. - PubMed
Niu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Niu G, Zhao R, Gao F, Zheng D, Liu X, Wu H, et al. Effect of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal mucosal barrier of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Linchuang Yingyang Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition] 2014;22(6):329‐33.
Pearce 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pearce CB, Sadek SA, Walters AM, Goggin PM, Somers SS, Toh SK, et al. A double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial to study the effects of an enteral feed supplemented with glutamine, arginine, and omega‐3 fatty acid in predicted acute severe pancreatitis. Journal of the Pancreas 2006;7(4):361‐71. - PubMed
Pederzoli 1995 {published data only}
    1. Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Falconi M, Santis L, Uomo G, Rabitti PG, et al. Gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia 1995;66(2):191‐5. - PubMed
Pezzilli 1997 {published data only}
    1. Pezzilli R, Dragonetti C, Innocenti P, Miglioli M. A multicenter, open label, copmarative, randomized study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate (1500 mg/day vs. 900 mg/day) for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. An interim report [abstract]. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1997;29(Suppl 1):A7. Abstract 17.
Pezzilli 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pezzilli R, Dragonetti C, Innocenti P, Miglioli M. Amulticenter, open label, comparative, randomized study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.[abstract]. Gut 1999;45(Suppl V):A315.
Pezzilli 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pezzilli R, Miglioli M. Multicentre comparative study of two schedules of gabexate mesilate in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Digestive and Liver Disease 2001;33(1):49‐57. - PubMed
Piascik 2010 {published data only}
    1. Piascik M, Rydzewska G, Milewski J, Olszewski S, Furmanek M, Walecki J, et al. The results of severe acute pancreatitis treatment with continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and antibiotic: a randomized controlled study. Pancreas 2010;39(6):863‐7. - PubMed
Plaudis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Plaudis H, Pupelis G, Zeiza K, Boka V. Early low volume oral synbiotic/prebiotic supplemented enteral stimulation of the gut in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective feasibility study. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 2012;112(2):131‐8. - PubMed
Rahman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rahman SH, Catton JA, McMahon MJ. Letter 2: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1103‐1107) [comment]. British Journal of Surgery 2003;90(1):123. - PubMed
Ranson 1976 {published data only}
    1. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Turner JW. Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1976;143(2):209‐19. - PubMed
Reddy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Reddy BS, MacFie J. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Lancet 2008;372(9633):113‐. - PubMed
Santen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Santen GW, Benus RF, Werf TS. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and informed consent procedure [Probioticaprofylaxe bij voorspeld ernstige acute pancreatitis; gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, placebogecontroleerde trial en informed‐consentprocedure]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2008;152(28):1591; author reply 3‐4. - PubMed
Singer 1966 {published data only}
    1. Singer A, Tornya P, Skyring A. Double‐blind study of trasylol in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Gut 1966;7(3):304‐&.
Skyring 1965 {published data only}
    1. Skyring A, Singer A, Tornya P. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with trasylol: report of a controlled therapeutic trial. British Medical Journal 1965;2(5462):627‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Tanaka 1979 {published data only}
    1. Tanaka N, Tsuchiya R, Ishii K. Comparative clinical study of foy and trasylol in acute pancreatitis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1979;120 B:367‐78. - PubMed
Tang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tang WF, Wan MH, Zhu L, Chen GY, Xia Q, Huang X. Immuno‐modulatory effect of somatostatin combined with traditional Chinese medicine on severe acute pancreatitis at early stage: a randomized control trial. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2005;3(2):103‐7. - PubMed
Tang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tang WF, Wang YG, Zhu L, Wan MH, Chen GY, Xia Q, et al. Effect of somatostatin on immune inflammatory response in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Multiphase Pumping and Technologies Conference and Exhibition 2007 2007;8(2):96‐102. - PubMed
Ukai 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ukai T, Shikata S, Inoue M, Noguchi Y, Igarashi H, Isaji S, et al. Early prophylactic antibiotics administration for acute necrotizing pancreatitis: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hepato‐biliary‐pancreatic Sciences 2015;22(4):316‐21. - PubMed
Usadel 1980 {published data only}
    1. Usadel KH, Leuschner U, Uberla KK. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with somatostatin: a multicenter double blind study. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303(17):999‐1000. - PubMed
Venkatesan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Venkatesan T. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2008;23(6):662‐3. - PubMed
Villatoro 2010 {published data only}
    1. Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002941.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang X, Li W, Li N, Li J. Omega‐3 fatty acids ‐ supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2008;32(3):236‐41. - PubMed
Wang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wang X, Li W, Zhang F, Pan L, Li N, Li J. Fish oil‐supplemented parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis patients and effects on immune function and infectious risk: a randomized controlled trial. Inflammation 2009;32(5):304‐9. - PubMed
Weismann 2010 {published data only}
    1. Weismann D, Maier SKG. Activated protein C in acute pancreatitis ‐ a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study [Aktiviertes protein C bei akuter pankreatitis – eine doppelblinde, randomisierte, placebo‐kontrollierte studie]. Medizinische Klinik 2010;105(10):747.
Wyncoll 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wyncoll DL, Beale RJ. Prospective placebo‐controlled randomized trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. The British Journal of Surgery 1998;85(2):279‐80. - PubMed
Xiong 2009 {published data only}
    1. Xiong J, Zhu S, Zhou Y, Wu H, Wang C. Regulation of omega‐3 fish oil emulsion on the sirs during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology ‐ Medical Science 2009;29(1):35‐8. - PubMed
Xu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Xu QH, Cai GL, Lu XC, Hu CB, Chen J, Yan J. The effects of omega‐3 fish oil lipid emulsion on inflammation‐immune response and organ function in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Neike Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine] 2012;51(12):962‐5. - PubMed
Yang 2008a {published data only}
    1. Yang JS, Hou Y, Zuo Y. Effect of combined therapy with sandostatin and yiyan mixture in treating severe acute pancreatitis. Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zqzhi [Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine] 2008;28(8):708‐10. - PubMed
Yang 2008b {published data only}
    1. Yang SQ, Xu JG. Effect of glutamine on serum interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha levels in patients with severe pancreatitis. Nanfang Yeie Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Southern Medical University] 2008;28(1):129‐31. - PubMed
Yang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yang XN, Deng LH, Xue P, Zhao L, Jin T, Wan MH, et al. Non‐preventive use of antibiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis treated with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao [Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine] 2009;7(4):330‐3. - PubMed
Zapater 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zapater P, Abad‐Santos F, Alcalde‐Rubio M, Moreno‐Otero R. Do muscarinic receptors play a role in acute pancreatitis? A randomised comparison of pirenzepine and nasogastric suction. Clinical Drug Investigation 2000;20(6):401‐8.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Hansen 1966 {published data only}
    1. Hansen HT, Drube HC, Brüning W, Borm D. Therapy of acute pancreatitis with and without proteinase inhibitor. Comparative clinical studies with trasylol [Behandlung der akuten pankreatitis mit und ohne proteinaseninhibitor. Vergleichende klinische untersuchungen mit trasylol]. Medizinische Klinik 1966;61(32):1254‐7. - PubMed
Perez 1980 {published data only}
    1. Perez Oteyza C, Rebollar J, Ballarin M. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with cimetidine. Double‐blind controlled trial. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 1980;27(Suppl):F8.2.

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR‐IPR‐16008301 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐IPR‐16008301. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on acute pancreatitis‐‐a randomly prospective control study [The effect of proton pump inhibitors on acute pancreatitis‐‐a randomly prospective control study]. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=14089 (first received 18 April 2016).
EUCTR2014‐004844‐37‐ES {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2014‐004844‐37‐ES. Trial of indomethacin in pancreatitis [A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis]. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2014‐004844‐37/ES (first received 8 May 2015).
NCT01132521 {published data only}
    1. NCT01132521. Ulinastatin in severe acute pancreatitis [Multicenter, double‐bind, randomised, placebo controlled study of ulinastatin in severe acute pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01132521 (first received 26 May 2010).
NCT02025049 {published data only}
    1. NCT02025049. DP‐b99 in the treatment of acute high‐risk pancreatitis [Pilot trial of intravenous DP‐b99 in the treatment of first‐ever episode of non‐obstructive acute high‐risk pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02025049 (first received 25 December 2013).
NCT02212392 {published data only}
    1. NCT02212392. Comparing the outcome in patients of acute pancreatitis, with and without prophylactic antibiotics [Comparing the outcome in patients of acute pancreatitis, with and without prophylactic antibiotics]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02212392 (first received 5 August 2014).
NCT02692391 {published data only}
    1. NCT02692391. A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis [A randomized controlled pilot trial of indomethacin in acute pancreatitis]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02692391 (first received 15 February 2016).
NCT02885441 {published data only}
    1. NCT02885441. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with ketorolac [Treatment of acute pancreatitis with ketorolac]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02885441 (first received 23 August 2016).

Additional references

Andriulli 1998
    1. Andriulli A, Leandro G, Clemente R, Festa V, Caruso N, Annese V, et al. Meta‐analysis of somatostatin, octreotide and gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1998;12(3):237‐45. - PubMed
Ayub 2010
    1. Ayub K, Slavin J, Imada R. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in gallstone‐associated acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003630.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bang 2008
    1. Bang UC, Semb S, Nojgaard C, Bendtsen F. Pharmacological approach to acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008;14(19):2968‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Banks 2013
    1. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis‐‐2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013;62(1):102‐11. - PubMed
Bone 1992
    1. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992;101(6):1644‐55. - PubMed
Bradley 1993
    1. Bradley EL 3rd. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, GA, September 11‐13, 1992. Archives of Surgery 1993;128(5):586‐90. - PubMed
Dias 2012a
    1. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 1: Introduction to evidence synthesis for decision making, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD1%20Introduction.final.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
Dias 2012b
    1. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Caldwell DM, Lu G, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 4: Inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomised controlled trials, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD4%20Inconsistency.final.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014). - PubMed
Dias 2012c
    1. Dias S, Sutton AJ, Welton NJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 3: Heterogeneity: subgroups, meta‐regression, bias and bias‐adjustment, 2012. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD3%20Heterogeneity.final%20report.08.05.12.pdf (accessed 27 March 2014).
Dias 2013
    1. Dias S, Welton NJ, Sutton AJ, Ades AE. NICE DSU technical support document 2: a generalised linear modelling framework for pairwise and network meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials, 2013. www.nicedsu.org.uk/TSD2%20General%20meta%20analysis%20corrected%20Mar201... (accessed 27 March 2014). - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1997;315(7109):629‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Elmunzer 2012
    1. Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, Chak A, Mosler P, Higgins PD, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post‐ERCP pancreatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(15):1414‐22. - PMC - PubMed
FDA 2006
    1. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food, Drug Administration. Guidance for industry adverse reactions section of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products — Content and format. www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guid... 2006 (accessed 4th July 2014).
Gao 2015a
    1. Gao W, Yang HX, Ma CE. The value of BISAP score for predicting mortality and severity in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLOS ONE 2015;10(6):e0130412. - PMC - PubMed
Hampton 2000
    1. Hampton JR. Clinical trial safety committees: the devil's spoon. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2000;320(7229):244‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hochman 2006
    1. Hochman D, Louie B, Bailey R. Determination of patient quality of life following severe acute pancreatitis. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2006;49(2):101‐6. - PMC - PubMed
ICH‐GCP 1997
    1. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Code of Federal Regulation & ICH Guidelines. Pennsylvania: Barnett International/PAREXEL, 1997.
Jiang 2012
    1. Jiang K, Huang W, Yang XN, Xia Q. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;18(3):279‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Lu 2004
    1. Lu G, Ades AE. Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 2004;23(20):3105‐24. - PubMed
Lu 2007
    1. Lu G, Ades AE, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Briggs AH, Caldwell DM. Meta‐analysis of mixed treatment comparisons at multiple follow‐up times. Statistics in Medicine 2007;26(20):3681‐99. - PubMed
Masood 1998
    1. Masood E. Chief to leave troubled British biotech. Nature 1998; Vol. 393, issue 6683:299. - PubMed
Messori 1995
    1. Messori A, Rampazzo R, Scroccaro G, Olivato R, Bassi C, Falconi M, et al. Effectiveness of gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. A metaanalysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1995;40(4):734‐8. - PubMed
MHRA 2013
    1. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Clinical trials for medicines: Safety reporting ‐ SUSARs and DSURs. 2013. www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Licensingofmedicines/Clinicaltri... (accessed 4 July 2014).
Mills 2012
    1. Mills EJ, Ioannidis JP, Thorlund K, Schunemann HJ, Puhan MA, Guyatt GH. How to use an article reporting a multiple treatment comparison meta‐analysis. JAMA 2012;308(12):1246‐53. - PubMed
NCBI 2014
    1. NCBI. MeSH. NLM Controlled Vocabulary. Pancreas. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68010179 (accessed 4 July 2014).
Neumann 2011
    1. Neumann I, Grassi B, Bdair F, Rada G. Antiproteases for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009426] - DOI
Newell 1992
    1. Newell DJ. Intention‐to‐treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. International Journal of Epidemiology 1992;21(5):837‐41. - PubMed
Peery 2012
    1. Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, Crockett SD, McGowan CE, Bulsiewicz WJ, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143(5):1179‐87. - PMC - PubMed
Pendharkar 2014
    1. Pendharkar SA, Salt K, Plank LD, Windsor JA, Petrov MS. Quality of life after acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pancreas 2014;43(8):1194‐200. - PubMed
Puhan 2014
    1. Puhan MA, Schünemann HJ, Murad MH, Li T, Brignardello‐Petersen R, Singh JA, et al. A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta‐analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2014;349:g5630. - PubMed
Rada 2011
    1. Rada G, Neumann I, Roa M, Rojas L. Antioxidants for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009049] - DOI
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Roberts 2013
    1. Roberts SE, Akbari A, Thorne K, Atkinson M, Evans PA. The incidence of acute pancreatitis: impact of social deprivation, alcohol consumption, seasonal and demographic factors. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013;38(5):539‐48. - PMC - PubMed
Sah 2013
    1. Sah RP, Dawra RK, Saluja AK. New insights into the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 2013;29(5):523‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Salanti 2011
    1. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple‐treatment meta‐analysis: an overview and tutorial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(2):163‐71. - PubMed
Schmid 1999
    1. Schmid SW, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, Buchler MW. The role of infection in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;45(2):311‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Tenner 2013
    1. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS, American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;108(9):1400‐15. - PubMed
WHO 2001
    1. World Health Organization. Essential drugs and medicines – quality assurance and safety of medicines health technology and pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals: restrictions in use and availability. 2001. apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s2203e/s2203e.pdf (accessed on 5 October 2016).
WinBUGS 1.4 [Computer program]
    1. Imperial College and MRC. WinBUGS with DoodleBUGS. Version 1.4.3. London, UK: Imperial College and MRC, 2007.
Wright 2009
    1. Wright SE, Lochan R, Imrie K, Baker C, Nesbitt ID, Kilner AJ, et al. Quality of life and functional outcome at 3, 6 and 12 months after acute necrotising pancreatitis. Intensive Care Medicine 2009;35(11):1974‐8. - PubMed
Xu 2013
    1. Xu W, Zhou YF, Xia SH. Octreotide for primary moderate to severe acute pancreatitis: a meta‐analysis. Hepato‐gastroenterology 2013;60(126):1504‐8. - PubMed
Yadav 2006
    1. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreas 2006;33(4):323‐30. - PubMed
Yang 2008
    1. Yang AL, Vadhavkar S, Singh G, Omary MB. Epidemiology of alcohol‐related liver and pancreatic disease in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(6):649‐56. - PubMed
Yang 2011
    1. Yang X, Zeng X, Wu T. Lexipafant for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009309] - DOI
Zhang 2009
    1. Zhang Y, Chen QB, Gao ZY, Xie WF. Meta‐analysis: octreotide prevents post‐ERCP pancreatitis, but only at sufficient doses. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;29(11):1155‐64. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Gurusamy 2014
    1. Gurusamy KS. Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis: a network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011384] - DOI

MeSH terms